THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNU.\L REPORT. 31 



strong solution of Bordeaux mixture. As Mr. Bishop suggests, you can 

 make that as strong as you like, adding to this mixture of course the proper 

 arsenite. A second spraying is given just after the blossoms drop; that 

 should be put on very carefully, and must not be strong. It is this second 

 ' spraying just as the small fruits are forming that does most of the injury. 

 The third spraying is given two weeks after the second one, and much injury 

 may be done in this third spraying, if the season is a very wet one; and if 

 the fruit growers have a large crop it is now the practice to spraj'- a fourth 

 time; and in some seasons they spray five times; and this year I knew men 

 in some parts of Western New York, who had a large setting of apples, to 

 spray six times, in order to make sure that their apples were all free from 

 scab and from the codling moth. I should say that three times is the 

 practice with the average fruit grower in Western New York. Would recom- 

 mend the other applications be made in exceptional seasons or when there is 

 an exceptional crop of fruit which the grower wants to save in its entirety. 



Mr. Stearns: What do you say in regard to the addition of the lime 

 when you use the arsenite? Would you use more lime then? 



Prof. Hedrick: No, I think not. The common practice of spraying 

 the — 1 believe our fruit growers in New York are coming more and more 

 to use the arsenate of lead, and that does no injury whatever. But when 

 Paris green or soda or London purple are used, equal parts of copper sulphate 

 and lime will give sufficient excess of lime to offset any injurious action of 

 the arsenite. Our growers are using a very strong solution of arsenate of 

 lead, but it is expensive. The advantages are that it never injures the fruit. 

 The arsenite of soda sometimes does; and Paris green sometimes does. It 

 is very easily applied. It mixes splendidly with water or Bordeaux mixture; 

 and best of all, it sticks on everlastingly; you can't wash it off; rains will 

 not wash it off; and that is the great advantage. And the codling moth 

 are sure to get it. But it must be used of a strength requiring a considerable 

 ciuantity of the substance, and the cost is such that many fruit growers — 

 only a man who is growing the best fruit feels he can afford it; 2 pounds 

 to 50 gallons of water; some growers use 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; 

 and inasmuch as it costs anywhere from 9 to 14 cents a pound, according 

 to the kind and quantity you buy, it is twice or three times as expensive 

 as the arsenite of soda, and nearly twice as expensive as Paris green or London 

 purple ; but its advantages are such that if one is sure of a good price for fruit 

 and has a good crop of fruit, it is well worth trying. 



Mr. Post: I would like to ask if spraying early with hme and sulphur 

 will take the place of any of the Bordeaux mixture for fungicide? 



Prof. Hedrick: Yes, sir. On our station grounds all through Western 

 New York, here and there, we are badly troubled with San Jose scale, and 

 all who have that must use lime and sulphur; and all who do use it do away 

 with the first application of Bordeaux mixture and let the lime and sulphur 

 take the place of the first application of Bordeaux mixture, and we are well 

 satisfied that lime, and sulphur is practically as good a fungicide as the Bor- 

 deaux mixture. 



George Tucker: Then we must continue to spray with Bordeaux mixture 

 in order to hold the scab in check. After the scab is big as the end of my 

 finger you can't control it. The only time to control apple scab is to spray 

 the blossoms just before the blossom— just the minute the apple blossom 

 begins to show scab; don't wait until it gets a stem on it. But when the 

 little stem just begins to appear and the blossom opens enough so you can 



