LECTURES AND ESSAYS. 463 



part with most of its cream in that time, while Ayrshire milk would still 

 have a large proportion of its cream left in it. 



Rev. : Does the writer practice his own doctrines ? 



Mr. Angevine : I believe he does. 



Mr. Hanshaw : As a cattle breeder, Mr. Dougherty has done more for the 

 county than any other man. 



As to watering stock, 1 used to let my cattle drink at the river, and in that 

 way lost $700 worth. I then concluded that either the water was too cold 

 for them, or something was the matter, so I fenced them off from the river 

 and took to pumping. I lose no more now, but even now the water in my 

 tank gets ice cold and on that they don't seem to do well, and the question 

 with me is, shall I warm the water? I find that the butter that I make costs 

 me 25 cents a pound from two grade Short-horns, with 10 to 12 pounds a 

 week from both. A neighbor makes 14 to 15 pounds a week from one 

 Jersey. 



Mr. Dougherty : I do not warm my water, or think cold water bad for 

 stock, if not too cold. 



Dr. Beal : I warm the water for my horse in winter, and think it is better 

 for him. Perhaps the gentleman has not cows enough to make butter 

 profitably. Or perhaps he fails to get all the fatty matter out of the milk. 



Mr. : The age of animals to slaughter for profit is an important ques- 

 tion. At our hotels the usual bill of fare is veal or beef, and it seems to me 

 unwise to kill young animals, and I believe that the last year of the five 

 years of a bullock's life is the most profitable. The dairy farmers of Illinois 

 veal their calves and raise no stock. 



Mr. Shurz: Mr. Dougherty says to keep stock growing all the time and 

 sell as soon as mature. When are they matured? Shall we sell at three if 

 heavy enough, or shall we keep till four. Also, I would ask Mr. Dougherty 

 if we can afford to raise roots for stock. 



Mr. Dougherty: Sell cattle, when they weigh 1,500 pounds, at two and 

 one-half years old. Weight after that point costs more than weight before 

 it is reached ; so of all other live stock, the younger they are, the more they 

 get out of their food. 



Roots are not very nutritive, but some succulent food is very health- 

 ful for cattle. I have raised rutabagas so that I could load the 

 wagon without moving it. But I think ensilage is going to replace roots 

 as succulent food. I am using now Blatchford's calf food, and am pleased 

 with it. Cornmeal is too concentrated for calves, and needs, for their 

 health, to be mixed with cut feed. 



Mr. Hanshaw: I used to feed bran, and had better luck than now. Now 

 I feed corn and oats and rye, and think the trouble is that 1 need the bran. 



Mr. : I used, as a boy, to feed turnips all winter to cattle who got no 



water and nothing but roots and straw, and they grew fat as butter, but we 

 can't grow roots here profitably, and corn is and must be our dependence. 

 I would give one-third oats, one-third corn and one-third bran for making 

 butter. Roots flavor butter. 



Mr. Dougherty: I like to have calves thrifty and growing fast, but I 

 would not feed them such fattening food as too keep them beef fat all the 

 time, because I think that if that is done they will never get to be good 

 milch cows. 



Prof. Cook: One of the best points made is the importance of getting rid 



