Entomology. 395 



it is that the apple worms, caterpillars and blight are injurious. From 

 experience and observation this season, I am convinced that the most 

 thorough spraying with proper material for one year, will not always 

 bring satisfactory results, but I have ample proof that spraying properly 

 each year ^^^ll bring satisfactory results. After the injury is once 

 checked we have learned the importance of proper spraying and at the 

 proper time; otherwise, it is safe to predict unsatisfactory results, and 

 the conclusion that spraying does not pay. I have visited orchards this 

 season which have been sprayed for the past three years, and found a 

 large per cent of i^o. 1 apples, while orchards adjoining of the same age 

 not sprayed were a light crop and poor quality. Cultivation of the 

 orchard is also proWng an important question, w^iich in some sections of 

 southern Illinois may explain the fact that there is no crop this season. 

 Too often orchardists attempt to grow red-top and apples on the same 

 ground. I find this practice in the counties having the largest orchard 

 interests in southern Illinois. They have very few apples this season. 

 In my opinion the time has come when the successful orchardists must 

 spray every year, must master the reasons and principles and apply them 

 as circumstances demand. — Colman's Rural AVorld. 



~\Ye would advise our readers to save the following formulas in some 

 way, as they will perhaps come in handy during the coming season, and 

 no doubt be referred to from time time t(5 time in this department : 



Bordeaux Mixture.- — Copper sulphate six pounds; quicklime, four 

 pounds; water, forty gallons. Dissolve the copper sulphate by putting 

 it in a bag of coarse cloth and hanging this in a vessel holding at least 

 four gallons, so that it is just covered by the water. Use an earthen or 

 wooden vessel. Slake the lime in an equal amount of water. Then mix 

 the two and add enou2;h water to make fortv gallons. It is then readv 

 for immediate use. For rots, molds, wildews, and all fungous diseases. 



Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. — Copper carbonate, one ounce; am- 

 monia, enough to dissolve the copper; water, nine gallons. The copper 

 carbonate is best dissolved in large bottles, where it will keep indefinitely. 



