96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



the most generally accepted is this : the Bordeaux although not soluble 

 in pure water becomes soluble in the presence of the carbon dioxide 

 given off by the germinating spore. There are three essential requisites 

 of a fungicide: 



1. — 'It must be strong enough to kill the fungus and yet weak 

 enough to avoid injury to the fruit or foliage. 



2. It must form a compound on the leaf insoluble in pure water. 



3. It must be cheap and easil}^ prepared. 



These restrictions naturally limit the choice very much and of all 

 mixtures which come into this class Bordeaux is the best fungicide hav- 

 ing more certain effect with least injury to the foliage. In practical 

 use however it is being largely superceded by the various lime su]])hur 

 preparations on account of their all around value for both fungi and 

 insects. 



THE ADVANTAGES OF A UNIFORM PACK. 



BY F. LEE BLOOM^ DETROIT, MICH. 



Mr. Chairman, Members of the Michigan Horticultural Society, and 

 Friends : 



My subject has been stated as ''The Advantages of a Uniform Pack." 

 I have chosen the great citrous fruit industry of California as a definite 

 example, because recent statistics are available for that state, and, 

 California has practically the same possibilities for producing citrous 

 fruits, that Mich, has for producing deciduous fruits, — I mean apples 

 in particular. I shall point out to you what uniformity and standardi- 

 zation in packing, has accomplished for this industry in California. 



In the past ten years, the citrous fruit industry has grown to be one 

 of the largest horticultural industries in the world. More than 200 

 million dollars are invested in this industry in California, alone. For 

 the year ending August 31, 1914, the delivered value of the oranges and 

 lemoiis that were sliip])ed out of California, amounted to over 44 million 

 dollars. Of this, nearly 30 million dollars were returned to California. 

 This means that the export trade alone, is returning to California each 

 year, 15 per cent of the capital invested, (52 per cent of this crop was 

 sold through the California Fruit Growers' I^xchange, which is admitted 

 to be one of the most efficient marketing organizations in the world. 

 The Kci/Xotr of the success of this organization has been uniformity 

 and standardization, both in packing and in selling methods. As a re- 

 sult, 0,500 growers in California, are conducting their operations with 

 the lowest marketing cost of any agricultural crop in the world. It is 

 evident at once, that any arf/iniicnt about a uniform /xicliii;/ si/sfrin 

 costing more than it is worth, is out of ]»lace, here. During the past 

 ten years, the ])o])ulation of the United States has increased 21V< • The 

 consumi)tion of citrous fruits in California has increased 76%. The 

 citrous industiy is a live modern industry. It has been advancing by 

 leaps and bounds, and its one [jrcdoininatini/ feature — is the uniforuiity 

 of its packinu methods. 



