WINTER MEETING. 207 



The first applications were delayed too long, as the fungus was found to have 

 Injured the blooms before any spray was applied, but the average result was that 

 the amount of rot was diminished one-half, as compared with unsprayed trees. All 

 sprays injured the foliage very considerably, and to about the same extent. The 

 rot did not seem bad until the time of ripening approached, just before the sixth 

 {laat) application was made. It was found that the spores of the fungus could 

 germinate on the surface of the peach, and cause a rotted speck to appear in 18 

 hours' time, and in 2 to 4 days the peach would be unfit for picking ; from which it 

 was inferred that it is important to make the interval between sprayings at about 

 the time of ripening very short. An outline of treatment for rot is given, which 

 includes: {!) Gather ana burn all mummified fruit before spring, and prefer- 

 ably ju?t after crop is removed. (2 ) Spray before buds swell in spring with one 

 pound copper sulphate to 25 gallons water. (3) When fruit-buds begin to swell, 

 spray with either ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper or neutral Bordeaux 

 mixture. (4) Spray again before buds open. (5) Again when fruit approaches 

 full size and begins to show color. (G, 7, 8) Make two or three applications at 

 intervals of five to seven days during the ripening period. 



I have reviewed at length the treatment of orchard rots, because of the wide 

 interest in the subject in this State. The other bulletins mentioned contain much 

 that is valuable, confirming results noted above. 



In addition to the rots and scabs of the fruit of orchard trees, much atten- 

 tion has been given the diseases of their foliage. 



Of the excellent bulletins on this branch of the subject, the following are 

 among the most useful: No. 17, Massachusetts, on leaf-blight and rot; No. 13, 

 Delaware, on leaf-blight of pear and quince; Nos. 1-3 and 17, Iowa, leaf diseases of 

 many fruits, including cherry and pear, especially valuable; No. 18, Cornell, N. 

 Y., on danger to foliage of arsenical spray ; No. 40, Geneva, N. Y., on black knot 

 of cherry and plum. In this same connection, because the treatment is the same, 

 may be mentioned the study of leaf and stem diseases of the small fruits, including 

 strawberry leaf-blight, leaf-spot of curr.mt, anthracnose of raspberry and black- 

 berry. Kentucky Station in Bulletin No. 20 discusses strawberry leaf blight and 

 recommends Bordeaux mixture. Ohio Bulletin No. 6, Vol. 4, '91, describes an. 

 thracnose of blackberry and raspberry and recommends Bordeaux mixture, the first 

 application only to be applied to fruiting canes, and three subsequent sprayings on 

 the new growth. Iowa Bulletins Nos. 13 and 17 record extensive experiments in 

 the treatment of leaf-spot of currant and gooseberry, in which ammoniacal solu- 

 tion of carbonate of copper is considered more eff'ective than Bordeaux mixture. 

 Concerning leaf diseases of orchard trees, the Iowa bulletins referred to give a 

 well- illustrated description of the spot disease of the cherry and a discussion of 

 pear-leaf blight, with experiments which show that both yield to the ammoniacal 

 solution of carbonate of copper. Both cherry and pear suffer from diseased foliage 

 in nursery as well as in orchard. Delaware Bulletin No. 13 describes and illus- 

 trates the leaf-blight of the pear. It was found that four applications of Bordeaux 

 mixture, at a cost of 2.2 cents per tree, "enabled the trees to retain their leaves 

 well, while the few unsprayed trees were more or less completely bare." 

 Summarizing the work of treating orchard fruits for fungi, we find : 



1. The different rots, scab, spot diseases and leaf-blight may be controlled by 

 copper solutions. 



2. The majority of the experiments seem to indicate that Bordeaux mixture 

 is the best fungicide to use, and the formula most often reci)mmended Is six pounds 

 blue vitriol, six pounds quick-lime, 45 gallons water. 



