262 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Cool moist soil, alluvial flat land ; 15 feet by 15 feet for foreign, 20 feet by 20- 

 feet for native. 



37. Give best soil, exposure and distance for planting vineyard ? 

 A high sandy loam ; east slope ; 8 feet by 8 feet. 



38. Give best soil, exposure and distance for planting raspberries? 

 Same as 37, and 3 feet b 7 8 feet. 



39 Give best soil^ exposure and distance for planting blackberries ? 

 Same as 37, and 4 feet by 8 fe^t. 



40. Give best soil, exposure and distance for planting strawberries ? 

 Same as 37. and U feet by 4 feet. 



41. Give best soil, exposure and distance for planting gooseberries ? 

 Same as 36, and 6 feet by 8 feet. 



42. Give best soil, exposure and distance for planting currants? 

 Same as 36, and 4 feet by 8 feet. 



43. Give best soil, exposure and distance for planting quinces ? 

 Same as 36, and 12 feet by 12 feet. 



44. With what kind of tools do you cultivate trees ? 

 Plow, harrow, disc-harrow, cultivator, hoe. 



45. With what kind do you cultivate berries ? 

 Same as above, only use hoe more. 



46. Do you advise deep or shallow cultivation ? 

 Shallow. 



47. In what condition would you put the ground before applying fertilizers ? 

 Sow or spread the fertilizers and plow them under. 



48. What fertilizers are the best for the horticulturist ? 

 Ashes, lime, salt, bone meal, dried blood. 



49. When should the fertilizer be applied ? 

 In the spring. 



50. What crop can we grow in an orchard ? 



Corn, potatoes, melons, tomatoes or any hoed crops until the trees begin to 

 bear, and then no more crops should be grown. 



51. What stock should be allowed to run in an orchard ? 

 Fowls, at all times. Hogs and sheep while fruit is ripening, only. 



52. Why do fruits turn red or assume other bright colors when ripe ? 



The colors of fruits are usually connocted with the dissemination of their 

 seeds by animals, which in most cases feed on them. The colors appear when the 

 fruits are becoming ripe, because at this time the seeds are ready for distribution. 

 The colors are usually due to the development of pigments dissolved in the sap of 

 the cells which lie near the surface of the fruit. Yellow fruits usually owe their 

 color to a yellow pigment contained ia parts of the protoplasm of the cells, corre- 

 sponding to the chlorophyl grains that give the green color to foliage and to green 

 fruits. The formation of these colors is usually attended by a mellowing of the 

 tissue and the disappearance of acids which rendered the green fruit sour, and 

 their replacement by sugars. 



53. What is a nursery ? 



In horticulture, a plantation of young trees and shrubs, which are removed 

 frequently, so that their roots do not spread over too large a space, and in this way 

 are kept in condition for transplanting, whenever needed, to the orchard or other 

 place where they are to grow. 



54. What is the science which treats of insects? 



