264 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



65. What groups of insects never do any direct harm in their perfect state ? 

 Butterflies and moths. 



66. How can we learn to associate the perfect form of the insect with its larva 

 and pupa ? 



By reariog the larva in some place of confinement, like a box or jar, feeding 

 it on the sort of leaves on which it was found, taking care that it is not disturbed 

 or injured while in the pupa or resting stage, and by slightly moistening the leaves 

 or earth in which it reposes, from time to time, until the winged moth, butterfly 

 or beetle appears. 



67. How may insects be best preserved for exhibition in the school-room ? 

 Insects in their perfect state should be first killed by chloroform or gasoline, 



and while they are still soft, pinned through the thorax to a piece of cork or soft 

 wood and carefully dried. Each specimen should be labeled with its common, and, 

 if possible, with its scientific name, and also with the date and place of its capture. 

 All larvae can be preserved in small bottles or phials in alcohol reduced by one- 

 fourth water and tightly corked, and must also be labeled. 



68. What is an insecticide? 



Any poison or other application that is known to kill an injurious insect, such 

 as Paris green or London purple, which, mixed with a large proportion of flour 

 or thoroughly stirred in water, are either dusted or sprayed upon leaves and fruit, 

 and, being eaten by the insects, cause their death. Other insecticides, like pyre- 

 thrum powder, kerosene emulsion, and various soaps, kill insects, like tree-bugs, 

 bark-lice, aphis, or plant-lice, by contact with the surface, which these applica- 

 tions either eat into or glaze over or upon which they produce paralysis. 



69. What science treats of plants and plant-growth? 

 Botany. 



70. What is meant by class, order, genus, species? 



The botanical divisions or classifications of all plants by which they can be 

 identified. 



71 . What are root, stem, leaves, flower, calyx, sepals, corolla, petals, stamens, 

 anthers, pistil, ovary? 



The root is that part of the plant which grows in the ground. 



The stem is that part which grows from the root and from which the branches 

 grow — the body. 



The leaf is the expanded bud, the growth of the bud, the lungs of the plant. 



The flower is the modified leaf whicb produces the fruit — the combined 

 calyx, corolla, sepals, petals, stamens, pistil and ovary. 



The calix is that portion of the flower which surrounds and holds the flower 

 proper. 



The sepals are parts of the calyx. 



The corolla is the bloom itself, the colored portions of the flower. 



The petals are parts of the corolla. 



The stamen is the male organ of flowers. 



The anther is that part of the stamen containing the pollen or fertilizing 

 dust. 



The pistil is that part which carries the pollen to the ovary. 



The ovary is the seed-pod. 



72. What is pollen? 



The yellowish dust that comes from the anthers, which fertilizes the flower. 



73. What is fertilization of flowers? 



The pollen, falling upon the pistil of the flower, causing it to form seed. 



