1882.] TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS, ETC. 329 



The total aggregate of these six grains at the respective dates, 

 is as follows: — 



1839,- - - - 4,114,936 bushels. 



1849, - - -' . 3,084,832 " 



1859, - - - - 3,630,076 " 



1869, ... - 3,186,773 " 



1879, .... 3,449,951 " 



The total decline is not large, relatively, and for the last thirty 

 years, which marks the whole period of great railroad transporta- 

 tion, and the competition it has induced, there has been no actual 

 decline in total production of grain; the figures show fluctuations, 

 but the State has held its own even in grain-raising. The village 

 and city population has greatly increased in that time, so that more 

 bread and feed for animals have been needed, and the importations 

 into the State are greater; but our own soil produces about as 

 much grain, and as good grain now as it did thirty years ago, 

 and but few of the very best states show better yields per acre. 



The total figures of the last census enumeration are not yet 

 ready, so I cannot make certain comparisons that would be inter- 

 esting, but let me cite some old figures. In connection with my 

 late census work I had some calculations made based on the 

 census of 1870, which are of interest in this connection. In 

 the reports of that census, there was a column of the total value 

 of all farm productions given by States. First, I divided this 

 total value of each State by the number of persons employed 

 in agriculture. I extended the calculation to but twenty-three of 

 the then existing States. Of that number, Pennsylvania stood 

 first, with the amount $707.34 per person employed in that voca- 

 tion. Then followed New York and New Jersey. Connecticut 

 followed fourth, with $608.93. Every one of the fertile States 

 west of New York and Pennsylvania was behind us. In Illinois 

 it was $586.70; in Iowa, $544.01; in Ohio, $499.38, etc. These 

 figures show that human labor paid well in crop product in this 

 State. 



I next divided the total value of all farm productions by the 

 number of acres of improved land. In this. New Jersey led, with 

 $21.61; then followed Mississippi, Utah, and New York; then 

 Connecticut, with $16.08; all the so-called Western States being 

 below us. 



I next divided the cash value of the farms by the number of 



