MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK AND GRAFT. 135 



J. L. Budd is quoted in the Transactions of the Massachusetts Horti- 

 cultural Society for 1880, page 98, as saying: "We find that varieties like 

 Jonathan and Dominie will do well on very hardy early-maturing stocks 

 like Gros Pomier and Duchess, though they fail when root-grafted." 



In the Reports of the Iowa Horticultural Society, particularly the 

 Report for 1885, are various papers and discussions on the question 

 whether hardiness can be gained by the use of hardy stocks, in which the 

 general opinion is that there is such a gain thereby. 



N. K. Fluke, for example, states in the Report of this society, for 1888, 

 p. 234, that in his experience some tender varieties are rendered more 

 hardy by being grafted upon hardy stocks. 



In the cases thus far given the hardiness induced by grafting has 

 appeared to be the direct result of naturally hardy stocks, or in some cases, 

 as in the peach on the plum, to be the result of a more moderate growth 

 and early ripening. In the following instances, on the other hand, greater 

 hardiness has accompanied increased vigor as the result of grafting. 



J. J. Thomas, in the report of the United States Patent Office (Agri- 

 culture), 1856, page 315, said: "Trees are also made hardier by being 

 grafted on hardier stocks, as the peach and apricot on the plum and the 

 half-tender species of magnolia {Magnolia conspicua and soulangina) at 

 the north are made to endure the winters there by working them on the 

 wild and hardy cucumber magnolia" [ M. acuminata]. 



L. Wetherell, in the transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural 

 Society, 1879, page 23, said: "A scion of Magnolia glauea inserted in 

 Magnolia acuminata will grow to three times its natural size and be more 

 hardy." 



C. M. Hovey, in the same publication for 1880, page 115, admits the 

 increase in size of various other magnolias when grafted on Magnolia 

 acuminata, but denies that there is any gain in hardiness thereby. 



J. G. Jack, in Garden and Forest, 1890, page 54, states that the dwarf 

 Quercus Georgiana upon its own roots grew more slowly and was less 

 hardy, than when grafted on Quercus Robur. The stocks in this case 

 increased in diameter more rapidly than the grafts. Fraxinus anomala, 

 a southwestern species, also grew more rapidly and was more hardy when 

 grafted upon Fraxinus Americana than when grown as seedlings. The 

 observations were upon young trees in the Arnold Arboretum at 

 Cambridge, Massachusetts. 



The editor of The Gardeners' Chronicle, 1879, page 596, quotes some 

 observations of Mr. Barron, at Chiswick, which showed that the French 

 Paradise apple when ungrafted was shorter lived than when grafted with 

 other more vigorous varieties. 



As a rule, in this country, trees more often fail from lack of hardiness 

 in the top than in the root, and generally the trunk is more likely to be 

 injured, both by winter cold and summer heat, than the larger limbs. If 

 more hardy trunks can be secured, therefore, some tender varieties may be 

 grown where otherwise they could not. Top-grafting has been used to 

 some extent for this purpose and offers many advantages in this direction. 

 One drawback to this method lies in the fact that in the west, where har- 

 diness is most needed, top-grafted trees are less certain to be healthy than 

 at the east, the grafts not always uniting quite as well there as in the more 

 moist and uniform climate of the Atlantic states. 



The value of top-grafting, however, for the west, can not be denied. H. 

 W. Lathrop of Iowa City, Iowa, says, in the report of the Iowa Horti- 



