136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



cultural Society for 1885, page 147: "Where some varieties are subject to 

 bark-bursting or sun-scalding, more than others, these difficulties may be 

 avoided by top-grafting them on more hardy stocks, but tender varieties 

 are not made hardy by this process." 



J. L. Budd of Iowa says in Garden and Forest 1890, page 79: " There 

 is no proof that a tree which is liable to injury in our trying climate can 

 be made hardier by grafting it on an iron-clad stock, but top-working is 

 of advantage in more than one way. In our interior climate, trees doing 

 well under forest conditions as to shade of stem may utterly fail when the 

 steins are exposed to the direct rays of the sun and hot southwest winds 

 when isolated on the open prairie. As an instance, the Buffalo-berry 

 {Shepherdia argentea) is plentiful on the banks of the upper Missouri, 

 growing thickly like hazel brush; but when planted by itself in our yards 

 with a stem three feet in height, it is certain to be dead on the south side 

 of the stem in three years. But top worked on the Asiatic species 

 (Elcvagnus angustifolia) even at a height of six feet, its stem will remain 

 perfect. Of this we have examples in many directions. In fruits some 

 varieties fail in stem which are perfect in top. In such cases top-working 

 on stocks that are proof against sun and wind is an evident advantage." 



ADAPTATION TO SOIL. 



It is known that trees which are not adapted to certain soils may in 

 some cases be made to grow in them by being grafted on stocks which are 

 adapted to such soils. M. T. Masters, editor of the Gardeners' Chron- 

 icle, says: 1 " From a careful series of experiments made in the Horticult- 

 ural society's garden at Chiswick, it was found that where the soil is 

 loamy, or light and slightly enriched with decayed vegetable matter, the 

 apple succeeds best on the Doucin stock, and the pear on the quince; and 

 where it is chalky it is preferable to graft the apple on the crab, and the 

 pear on the wild pear. For the plum, on loamy soils, the plum; and on 

 chalky and light spils, the almond, are the most desirable stocks; and for 

 the cherry, on loamy or light rich soils, the wild cherry, and on chalk the 

 Mahaleb stock. " 



In the preceding section it was shown that for cold climates the plum is 

 useful as a stock for the peach. This is true particularly in cold, damp 

 soils. T. A. Knight of England said: 2 "Our gardeners suppose the 

 plum stock to be under all circumstances the best for the peach. On the 

 other hand, for very light soils, the peach forms a valuable stock for the 

 plum. Josiah Hoopes says: 3 "The junction of certain varieties of the 

 pluni on peach roots is perfect, and for light soils better results may be 

 obtained than with plums on their own roots." 



For the almond the plum stock is preferred for cold and wet soils to 

 those of the peach or the almond itself, being much hardier than they. * 



C. M. Hovey says that Magnolia glauca, being a bog plant, is grafted 

 in ordinary cultivation on Magnolia acuminata. 5 



M. Sahut states* that certain species of pine which require a sandy 

 soil may be made to grow on calcareous soils by grafting them upon the 

 Austrian or other species adapted to such soils. 



1 Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th edition, vol. XII, page 213. 



2 Transactions London Horticultural Society, vol. II, 1812. page 19. 



3 Proceedings American Pomological Society, 1873, page 131. 



4 Mcintosh's Book of the Garden, vol. II, page 328. 



5 Transactions Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1SS0, page 115. 

 * Revue Horticole, 1885, p. 393. 



