264 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



we have a large amount of water. We like this, as it insures a ready and 

 quick emulsion in all cases, and makes dilution very easy. But if any pre- 

 fer, the amount of water may be one quart instead of two quarts. This 

 works well, and we have sometimes recommended it, but we like the regu- 

 lar formula, everything considered, the best. In case we use one pint of 

 soap, we should add water to the amount of one and one half times the 

 amount of the emulsion in diluting it. In case we use one quart instead 

 of two quarts of water, we should add twice as much water as we take of 

 the emulsion in diluting. In every case, the substance we use should con- 

 tain one fifteenth part of kerosene oil, and we must always dilute suffi- 

 ciently to secure this proportion. 



NO. 2. HARD SOAP AND KEROSENE EMULSION. 



Dissolve one fourth lb. of hard soap, Ivory, Babbitt, Jaxon, or whale-oil, 

 etc., in two quarts of water, add as before, one pint of kerosene oil, and 

 pump the mixture back into itself while hot. This always emulsifies at 

 once, and is permanent with hard as well as soft water. This is diluted 

 with twice its bulk of water before use. The objection to a large amount 

 of water sinks before the fact that this secures a sure and permanent emul- 

 sion even though diluted with hard water. This also becomes, with certain 

 soaps, lumpy or stringy when cold so that it can not be readily diluted with 

 cold water unless first heated. Yet this is true with all hard soap emul- 

 sions in case of certain soaps. We can however always dilute easily if we 

 do so at once before our emulsion is cold, and we can also do the same 

 either by heating our emulsion or diluent no matter how long we wait. 



NO. 3. . THE RILEY-HUBBARD EMULSION. 



Dissolve one half lb. of hard soap in one gallon of water. Then add two 

 gallons of kerosene oil and agitate at once. While this, like the formula 

 last given, will readily emulsify, even when cold, with some kinds of soap, 

 with others it fails unless quite hot and frequently with both ivory and 

 whale-oil soap we have failed to obtain an emulsion even though we added 

 the oil at once, until we re-heated the whole, oil and all. This we think a 

 serious objection. A farmer tries to make an emulsion and fails. He is 

 discouraged and gives the whole thing up as a fraud. Again if diluted 

 with hard water the oil invariably separates and rises to the top. This we 

 think a fatal objection. Many report absolute success with this formula. 

 They had soft water. Others complain of total failure. They used hard 

 water. If this worked as well with hard water as with soft we should 

 hardly object to recommending it, yet even then we should regret that the 

 larger amount of oil so cools the liquid that failure so often results, 

 especially with some kinds of soap. Before 'dilution this is nearly all 

 solid or thick, though in some cases, as with whale-oil soap, a portion of 

 the soap solution separates from the emulsion. As we have said, this is no 

 objection; indeed, in winter, this makes dilution and handling the material 

 much easier. Mr. Hubbard, who, as Dr. Riley's assistant, first formed this 

 emulsion, is worthy of great credit, not only as the first to work out by 

 careful experimentation with soap solution and kerosene, the emulsion 

 principle, but also as the first to recognize its importance. 



NO. 4. KEROSENE AND MILK EMULSION. 



The late Dr. W. S. Barnard, while employed by the Department of 



