326 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



liver of sulphur; the flowers of sulphur applied dry would also be an 

 effectual remedy. 



In the southern and western states, the Black Rot has for several years 

 inflicted great damage, and in some sections well-nigh destroyed the grape- 

 growing industry. It shows itself, soon after the leaves start, in round 

 spots on the foliage and, later, on the fruit. The spots spread and may 

 involve every berry in the cluster, and greatly reduce the leaf surface. 

 This disease can be distinguished from all others, by minute black spots 

 that appear on both leaves and fruit, and the berries on shrivelling also take 

 on a characteristically wrinkled appearance. The Labrusca class ^Con- 

 cord, etc.) seem particularly subject to its attack. 



We have, also, another disease of the grape, which, although it differs in 

 every essential character from the black rot, is often mistaken for it. The 

 fungus attacks foliage, fruit, and young shoots, and, if anything, is even 

 more virulent. The spots on the shoots and leaves are yellowish, finally 

 becoming dark brown, and on the fruit are distinguished from those of the 

 black rot by a reddish ring, inclosing a whitish spot, and surrounded by 

 a dark ring. As the disease proceeds, and envelops the berry, it shrivels 

 away, but does not have the black spots, the rotten appearance, or the 

 wrinkles that distinguish the black rot. This is becoming quite troublesome 

 in some sections, and proves less amenable to fungicides than are the other 

 diseases. The common name for the disease is anthracnose. 



Treatment: If the vineyard is badly infected with any of these diseases 

 it is well to carefully gather the fallen leaves, prunings, etc., and burn 

 them, as this will destroy millions of spores. Early in the spring, before 

 the buds start, the vines and trellises, or stakes, should be thoroughly 

 sprayed, and for this purpose Bordeaux mixture No. 3 (or 2), will prove 

 effectual. As soon as the buds start, they should be sprayed with some 

 one of the copper compounds — either modified eau celeste or sulphate of 

 copper and ammonia carbonate, and this should be repeated once in two 

 or three weeks, until August 1 to 15, according to the variety and the 

 prevalence of the disease. If the disease has only a slight foothold, the 

 first application may be omitted. It is, however, of the utmost impor- 

 tance, that the spraying be commenced as soon as growth starts, as, with the 

 exception of the powdery mildew, the fungi are endophytes, living within 

 the tissues, and after the spores have germinated and gained entrance, no 

 application will destroy the fungus. The use of fungicides has practically 

 revolutionized the grape-growing industry. 



APPLE SCAB. 



In Bulletin 59, this disease was described and figured, but it may be well 

 to state here, that the same fungus that causes the rough spots, "scab," on 

 the fruit, also attacks the leaves. On the foliage it appears as greenish, 

 velvety spots, and, the tissues being destroyed, they soon turn brown, dry 

 up, and separate from the remainder of the leaf. The edges of the leaves 

 seem most subject to attack, and, as a result, the leaves often have a rag- 

 ged edge. 



"A thin, transverse section through a scab spot on the fruit or leaf (Fig. 

 3) shows, under the microscope, clusters of short, brownish threads arising 

 from a darker mass of roundish cells, which are seated directly upon the 

 healthy tissue of the fruit or leaf, as the case may be. The free ends of the 

 threads often bear pear-shaped bodies, of nearly the same color as the sup- 



