338 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



many persons hesitated to make use of it, fearing that they would be 

 poisoned in applying it, or that the tubers would absorb the poison, to the 

 injury of the persons eating them. No harm ever came from the use of 

 arsenites, for this purpose, except through gross carelessness, and it is now 

 the universal remedy. When arsenites were first proposed as a remedy for 

 the codlin moth, and other insects attacking fruits, everyone had become 

 so accustomed to the use of arsenites, that it met with little opposition on 

 the ground of danger to health, and in many sections of the country the 

 practice of spraying is quite general. Recently, however, some of the 

 English journals have commenced a crusade against American apples, on 

 account of the use of Paris green and other arsenites upon them. They 

 have been freely used in this country for more than ten years, and no case 

 of poison can be traced to them ; and at the lowest possible estimate a per- 

 son would have to eat twenty bushels of apples at a single sitting to obtain 

 enough arsenic for a fatal dose. 



When properly applied, there need be no fear from pasturing stock in 

 recently sprayed orchards, as, when four times the usual amount of poison 

 was used on the trees, Prof. Cook pastured sheep and a horse under them 

 without injury. 



The copper salts used in fungicides are poisons, but analysis shows that 

 a great increase in the amount remaining on fruit at time of gathering 

 would be necessary for them to become dangerous. 



While it is unwise, for the appearance of the fruit, to use lime compounds 

 as the fruit is ripening, the fungicides can be used with perfect safety as 

 recommended in this bulletin. 



Not only is the amount of copper too small to cause injury, but as usually 

 applied it is in an insoluble form, and is even less dangerous. 



SPRAYING OUTFITS. 



The use of insecticides and fungicides necessitates the possession of 

 proper spraying pumps. These should be carefully selected, according to 

 the kind and amount of work to be performed. For use in small gardens, 

 some of the small, cheap pumps, such as the Lewis, manufactured by P. C. 

 Lewis Co., Catskill, N. Y., or of some of the various hydronettes, aquapults, 

 etc., are desirable. For orchard purposes, the number of force pumps now 

 on the market is almost endless, and, really, any powerful pump, if pro- 

 vided with proper attachments, such as suction pipe or hose, spraying 

 hose, nozzle, return pipe or hose, etc., would answer the purpose. 



PUMPS. 



A large number of firms make a specialty of spraying pumps, and as 

 these are particularly adapted to the purpose, better results may be expected 

 from their use than from ordinary pumps. 



Of the cheaper and yet efficient kinds, is the Southern Queen, sold by 

 the Field Force Pump Co. of Lockport, N. Y. This firm also manufactures 

 a number of other kinds that are more powerful and better adapted for 

 use in large orchards. One recent improvement in their pumps, is in the 

 lowering of the cylinder within the barrel or tank, which brings the pump 

 one foot lower down, and both lessens the tendency of the barrel to tip 

 over, and the danger of striking the branches of the trees. 



The pumps made by the Nixon Force Pump & Nozzle Co. of Dayton, 



