EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 339 



Ohio, are well made, light, and yet powerful. Of the other large firms 

 who manufacture and deal in spraying outfits are W. & B. Douglas, 

 Middletown, Conn., Wm. Stahl, Quincy, 111., and the Gould Manfg. Co., 

 Seneca Falls, N. Y. 



Several of these firms have large pumps, to be worked by gearing taking 

 its power from the wagon wheels. Most of these work by means of cog- 

 wheels, and although it may be all right upon a two- wheel vehicle, we 

 have not found it entirely satisfactory on one with four wheels, as, in pass- 

 ing over uneven ground, the cogs often slip. A recent improvement 

 substitutes sprocket wheels and an endless chain belt for the cog wheels, 

 and will probably work all right. We have mounted a 12-bbl. stock tank 

 on a spare wagon gear, and have it arranged so that we can work the pump 

 either by hand or power. This is much better than to run back and forth 

 for water, with one or two barrels, when spraying a large orchard. Fully 

 twice the work can be done with a geared machine than can be done when 

 pumping by hand, and with much less labor. 



The gearing can be applied to any farm wagon, and will soon pay for 

 itself, if many trees are to be sprayed. 



We would advise the use of the sprocket wheels, in preference to the 

 cog wheels, as the latter will only answer on a two-wheel cart, and then only 

 when the shaft is carefully adjusted in its bearings, and especially when 

 the end next the pinion is properly supported. 



If they are to be used for applying fungicides, the cylinders, piston, 

 valves, and all working parts should be of brass. 



For spraying grapes, potatoes, or any other plants, not more than ten 

 feet in height, the copper knapsack pump is very convenient. The reser- 

 voir will hold about five gallons of water, and for small fruits this will 

 suffice to spray a considerable area before the supply need be replenished. 



The improved knapsack pump made by the Field Pump Co. has a large 

 air chamber, and in other ways it is as good, if not better than the 

 others. 



W. & B. Douglass Co. aDd Wm. Stahl also make knapsack pumps. In 

 purchasing pumps, I would suggest that notice be taken of the following 

 points in construction: 



1. The material used for the reservoir: for fungicides this should always 

 be of sheet copper, as coppered tin which has been used in some pumps 

 will not answer. 



2. The attachment of pump to tank, which should be so arranged that 

 the pump can easily be removed, in case the lower valve becomes clogged, 

 as may happen when fungicides are used. 



3. The attachment of the rings of the shoulder straps, and the fulcrum 

 of the pump lever, which in some of the pumps sold last year was so slight 

 that they soon tore out, making holes in the tank. 



4. The hose is best attached to the top of the pump cylinder, as when at 

 the bottom it is carried out through the side of the tank and greatly 

 increases the chances for leaks. 



NOZZLES. 



For orchard spraying, some of the graduating spray nozzles are excel- 

 lent. It is well to avoid all that break the stream by means of a perforated 

 disk, on account of the danger from clogging. The Nixon nozzles make a 

 very fine, mistlike spray, and do excellent work. 



