378 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



There are two leading insecticides — the arsenites, and kerosene emulsion. The arsen- 

 ites are Paris green and London purple. One pound to 200 gallons of water is a good 

 proportion for apples, pears, potatoes, etc. One pound of Paris green to 300 or 350 gal- 

 lons should be used on peaches. Never use London purple alone on peaches. For 

 apple worm, begin to spray just as soon as the last blossoms fall. Kerosene emulsion 

 is the weapon to use against all kinds of plant lice out of doors. A good formula is 

 soft soap 1 quart, kerosene 1 pint, hot water 2 quarts. Churn the materials by pump- 

 ing back into the pail for several minutes. Dilute two or three times. 



There are two leading fungicides — ammoniacal carbonate of copper and Bordeaux 

 mixture. The former is cheaper, and much more easily made and applied. Bordeaux 

 mixture can not be thrown upon large trees. To make the former, use 3 oz. carbonate of 

 copper, and 1 quart 22° ammonia. This stock solution will keep, if tightly corked. 

 When used, dilute to 25 gallons. If 26° ammonia can be obtained at your drug store, it 

 is better to use 5 oz. carbonate, 3 pints ammonia and 50 gallons water. This is the best 

 general fungicide. For Bordeaux mixture, use 6 lbs. sulphate copper, 4 lbs. lime, 22 

 gals, water. Carbonate of copper costs from 40 to 60cts per pound, and sulphate about 

 6 cents. 



The only successful combination of insecticides and fungicides yet found is made of 

 the arsenites and Bordeaux mixture. When arsenites and ammoniacal carbonate of 

 copper are combined, the value of each material remains, but foliage is usually seriously 

 injured. 



THE DEWBERRIES. 



Within the last few years several varieties of dewberry have come into 

 more or less prominence. The greatest differences of opinion exist as to 

 their merits, and no systematic attempt has been made to determine their 

 peculiarities and values. Some of them must possess value for certain 

 purposes for they have been strongly recommended by many growers and 

 dealers; and it is also to be considered that the presumption is against 

 any new fruit, especially one which has been rescued from the fields, and 

 any commendation which it receives from honest men is proof that it pos- 

 sesses some points of usefulness. This account endeavors to collect and 

 sift whatever evidence may exist concerning the dewberries, and to put on 

 record so much of the histories and varietal peculiarities as I have been 

 able to obtain. It is important that a record should be made thus early in 

 the history of the fruit. If similar records had been made of other native 

 fruits, as the blackberries, raspberries, and grapes, they would have been 

 invaluable at this time. The histories of fruits are soon lost and all defi- 

 nite knowledge of methods of variation and degrees of improvement is 

 therefore impossible. This is nowhere better illustrated than in dewberries 

 themselves, for although they are among the most recent additions to our 

 fruits, I have found it impossible to learn the exact histories of all of them. 

 For several months I have carried on a large correspondence concerning 

 them, and have followed every clew to their origins and histories. 



At first thought it seems strange that such unqualified encomiums and 

 sweeping condemnations could be bestowed upon any fruit as have fallen 

 to the lot of the dewberry. But there are reasons for these disagreements, 

 some of which the following pages may discover. Most fruits receive both 

 praise and censure, for theFe are few which succeed in all parts of the 

 country and under all kinds of management; and if the fruit is wholly new 

 in kind it is particularly liable to be misunderstood and mismanaged. But 

 it further turns out upon investigation that the varieties of dewberry are 

 very dissimilar, and therefore not always comparable with each other and 

 not equally adapted to given conditions. In fact, they represent two dis- 

 tinct species and two marked natural or botanical varieties. It is there- 



