416 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Knapsack pumps are now used in many moderate-size vineyards, also in 

 places where the horsepower apparatus, owing to the nature of the land or 

 the manner of cultivation, cannot be utilized. 



Many firms throughout the country, as will be seen by reference to the 

 columns of any good agricultural paper, are engaged in the manufacture 

 and sale of the various machines mentioned. 



Taking up the question of spraying more specifically we would call 

 attention first to apple diseases and their treatment. 



TEEATMENT OF APPLE SCAB. 



For this disease either modified eau celeste or ammoniacal solution of 

 copper carbonate, preferably the former, may be used. At least four spray- 

 ings should be made, the first just as the flowers are opening, the second 

 twelve or fourteen days later, and the third and fourth at similar intervals. 

 In case the season is wet one or two additional treatments will undoubtedly 

 pay. For trees 15 to 18 feet high the cost of four sprayings with either of 

 the fungicides mentioned need not exceed 20 cents per tree. When the 

 work is done on a large scale 16 to 18 cents per tree will cover the cost of 

 four treatments. Two additional treatments will add to the cost from 6 to 

 8 cents per tree. 



APPLE POWDEBY MILDEW. 



It is only in nurseries that this disease is destructive. Seedlings are 

 especially subject to the mildew, the leaves being attacked as soon as 

 they appear. As a result the trees make very little growth, are bark bound, 

 and consequently unfit for budding. The ammoniacal solution has proved 

 the cheapest and most effective remedy for this disease, and five sprayings 

 seem to be required. The first application should be made just as the 

 leaves start in spring. At least three other sprayings should be made at 

 equal intervals between the time of the first treatment and the time for 

 budding. Ten or twelve days after budding the last spraying should be 

 made, making five in all. For blocks of 50,000 to 100,000 seedlings the 

 total cost of the treatment, as indicated, need not exceed 8 cents per 

 thousand. In smaller blocks the average cost per thousand trees will be 

 somewhat greater, as it requires practically as much time to prepare to 

 spray 25,000 trees as it does 50,000. The knapsack pump is well adapted to 

 this work and is extensively used by nurserymen. 



TBEATMENT OF PEAE SCAB, CEACKING AND LEAF-BLIGHT. 



These diseases, caused by two different species of fungi, are now success- 

 fully combatted by one line of treatment. In most sections all three dis- 

 eases are found associated. Bordeaux mixture has given the best results in 

 this work, although ammoniacal solution has proved almost as effective. 

 The only objection to the latter is that it sometimes gives the fruit a rusty 

 appearance, which is not at all desirable. The first spraying for these 

 diseases should be made when the trees are in flower. In ten or twelve 

 days a second treatment should be made, followed by a third and fourth at 

 the expiration of two and four weeks respectively. In the nursery, pear 

 leaf-blight is often exceedingly troublesome. It may be almost entirely 

 prevented by spraying five or six times with the Bordeaux mixture, making 



