26 AMEEICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 



A DESIRABLE ARRANGEMENT IN GRAIN-CARRYING SHIPS. 



The danger of grain, and especially corn, going out of condition 

 or heating when loaded against the unprotected boiler and engine 

 room bulkheads antl over the unprotected or nonventilated propeller- 

 shaft tunnels of grain-carrying ships has led to the construction in 

 many such ships of second or false bulkheads, so placed as to form 

 air spaces of from 12 to 18 inches between the bulkheads of the cargo 

 holds and those of the engine and boiler rooms, and the installation 

 of ventilators for the propeller-shaft tunnels, the air spaces formed 

 by the false bulkheads being also provided with ventilators extend- 

 ing through the decks on the port and starboard sides of the ships. 



This arrangement tends to keep the superheated bulkheads, with 

 which the grain would otherwise come in contact, and the shaft- 

 tininel coverings in a reasonably cool condition by allowing the heat 

 to escape. Ships arranged in this manner, and especially when the 

 additional bulkheads and the shaft-tunnel coverings are further 

 protected by a plank sheathing next to the cargo, are very desirable 

 ships for carrying grain or any other perishable cargo that may be 

 affected by high temperatures. This arrangement is illustrated in 

 figure 6. 



FORMS OF GRAIN CONTRACTS. 



In a general way, and so far as they affect the quality of the grain 

 bought or sold, there are four forms of contract upon wliich grain is 

 purchased in Europe from the United States, as follows: (1) That it be 

 of fair average C{uality of the season's shipments at the time and place 

 of shipment; (2) that it be equal to a sealed sample (agreed upon) at 

 the time and place of shipment; (3) that an ofhcial certificate of in- 

 spection be final as to quality; and (4) American rye terms, wliich 

 last form provides that the seller shall guarantee the condition of the 

 grain on arrival in Europe, "sliip or sea" damage excepted, differences 

 arising out of the contract, if any, to be arbitrated in Europe. 



ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OP CONTRACTS. 



B}' far the greatest portion of the export grain business of the 

 Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States is done upon the basis of 

 the third contract or ''certificate of inspection final" terms, because 

 the American exporter has heretoTore generally refused to sell grain 

 for export upon any other terms. On the other hand, the European 

 importer has found this contract advantageous, in that resales in 

 'Europe to small dealers and consumers have heretofore been more 

 easily negotiated than was the case with grain bought upon the basis 

 of any of the other contracts. 



Under the terms of the tliird contract the purchaser has no recourse 

 other than to accept the American inspection certificate as repre- 



. [Cir. r^n] 



