348 State Horticultural Society. 



veyor, and more — it is a good fungicide of itself, and a destroyer 

 of sucking insects. 



5. By changing the quantity of the ingredients, the strength 

 of the dust can be made to suit the disease at any time. 



6. Winter sprays consist of, 1st, copper sulphate solution, 4 

 pounds, or even more, to 50 gallons of water, if used early. If near 

 the swelling of the buds, use only 2 pounds of the sulphate. Never 

 use this solution on the leaves. 2nd, Liquid Bordeaux. Use the 

 4-6-50 formula for early spray; the 4-2-50 formula near the tima 

 of the swelling of the buds, and cautiously, after the leaves are out ; 

 better use the 6-2-50 formula. 



7. Winter sprays, followed by the dust fungicide, as above 

 stated, will be quite sufficient for black spot, brown rot, mildew 

 and prune rust ; and surely will prevent leaf rust, leaf spot, etc. 



8. If only the leaf rust and leaf spot exist, the dry dust fun- 

 gicide will be sufficient. 



9. For sooty mold use sal soda solution, as directed on another 

 page. It will pay to use this as a preventive and to keep the bark 

 clean. 



10. If at any time the fruit should be killed, do not neglect to 

 dust or spray thoroughly and frequently. Otherwise the fungi may 

 get the start of you, and "the last story be worse than the first." 



Note : What follows was to have been taken down by short- 

 hand, but, owing to the lateness of the hour, it was omitted ; and, 

 on the invitation of the Secretary, it was written out and sent him 

 for publication. But he lost the manuscript. 



Now, gentlemen, you will bear me witness that I have not ad- 

 vocated the dust to the exclusion of the liquid spray. I have tried 

 to be conservative. For an old orchard already diseased, you will 

 need your liquid apparatus for "winter spraying;" but for a new 

 orchard, or one in a healthy condition, you will need nothing more 

 than the cheaper and more economical dust spray, provided you 

 begin in time and keep it up regularly and properly, no matter 

 whether you are to have a crop or not. 



Yesterday Dr. Von Schrenk advocated the liquid spray, for, as 

 he said, he had not studied the dust process. In answer to my 

 question, "What salt in the Bordeaux mixture kills the fungi," he 

 said, "The copper hydroxide." "Is that soluble or insoluble?" 

 "Insoluble," said he. "Though insoluble, does it kill all the same?" 

 "Yes," was his reply. 



Later I asked him, "How do you know copper hydroxide kills 

 fungi?" "I do not suppose that has been proved absolutely; but 

 from the greater quantity of the hydroxide it has been so decided," 



