390 State HorticuUia'al Society. 



Orchards very badly infested with San Jose scale should be 

 sprayed twice, once in fall or early winter, and again in spring, be- 

 fore the buds open. It is well-nigh impossible to cover every por- 

 tion of the tree at one spraying, though that should by all means be 

 the aim ; hence where orchards are badly infested it is advisable to 

 spray twice each year until the scale is well in control. Thorough 

 application of lime-sulphur wash, covering the trees from top to 

 bottom, is necessary if good results are to be expected. Too often 

 orchardists spray their orchards without proper regard to thor- 

 oughness, and the result is that they fail to get good results and then 

 think that the wash is responsible. Lime-sulphur wash does not 

 spread easily like oil emulsions, and great care in spraying is nec- 

 essary if good results are to be obtained. On windy days it is al- 

 most impossible to cover a tree on all sides with any mixture, and 

 on such days the lime-sulphur wash has its advantage, because it is 

 easy to see at a glance what portion of the trees have been covered. 

 The white colored wash will show for itself. Frequently it becomes 

 necessary to spray one side of the tree one day and wait until the 

 wind blows from another direction before finishing the spraying. 



When spraying orchards to control the San Jose scale it is im- 

 perative that all trees be sprayed. Not simply the trees that show 

 infestation, but every tree in the infested orchards. It is false 

 economy to spray only the trees visibly infested. Frequently 

 trees may be slightly infested, so slight as to be overlooked by the 

 average orchardist. If such trees are left without spraying, the 

 scale may increase so rapidly during a single summer that the trees 

 will be seriously injured before the following winter. 



Spraying in the fall just after the leaves have about all fallen 

 is advisable in large orchards and in orchards badly infested, when 

 two sprayings are necessary. Orchards slightly infested may be 

 sprayed once in fall. The reason why we do not recommend uni- 

 versal fall spraying is because of the fact that the mixture is usu- 

 ally washed off quite thoroughly by the winter rains and storms, 

 leaving the trees unprotected in spring. In case a few scale escape 

 the spray, they may commence to breed and increase in early sum- 

 mer, and the young scale are not hindered from settling down as 

 they would be where the trees are sprayed in spring, and the wash 

 consequently adhering during the early summer months. Fall 

 spraying, in large orchards, often becomes necessary on account of 

 the difficulty of getting the work all done during late winter and 

 spring. In such cases it would be advisable to spray the least in- 

 fested portions first, leaving the worst infested portions to spray 



