MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 299 



by the Flat-headed Borer {Chrysohotliris femorata, Fabe.,) 

 the outer bark eaten by bark beetles {Scolytus family) and 

 sucked by Bark-lice peculiar to it. The branches and twigs 

 are bored along the center and pruned by the larvse of the' 

 common Pruner {Elaphidion villosum, Fabr.), and by that 

 of the Parallel Pruner {E. paralleluni, Leg.), girdled by the 

 Twig-girdler, Oncideros cingulatus, Say*), sawed and rasped 

 by the Periodical Cicadas, {Cicada septemdecim, Linn., and 

 C. tredecim, Riley), otherwise known as Seventeen-year 

 Locusts, by tree-hoppers and a dozen other Homopterous 

 insects ; bored into from the side by the Twig-borer {Bostri- 

 clius hicaudatus, Say), wounded by the bites of such beetles 

 as the New York Weevil, Ithycerus novwioracensis, Forster), 

 or pierced as by a red-hot wire by small boring beetles 

 {ScolytidcB). 



The buds before they expand are infested with the larvae of 

 the Apple Bud-moth {Grapliolitha oculana, Hare.), or entirely 

 devoured by voracious climbing cut-worms {Agrotis scandens, 

 Riley, etc.). The blossom has no sooner unfolded its delicate 

 and beautiful petals than it is devoured entire either by the 

 Brazen Blister Beetle {Lytta mnea, Say), the Striped Cucum- 

 ber Beetle {Dialrotica vittata, Fabr.), the Rose bug, or by a 

 great many other insects that might be mentioned, some, as 

 the different bees, confining themselves to the pollen or honey 

 from the nectaries, while others again prefer other parts. The 

 young fruit is either eaten partly or entirely by Snapping' 

 beetles {Melanotus coinmujiis and M. incertus), or punctured 

 by either the Plum or the Apple Curculios, and afterwards 

 bored through and through by their larva? or by the ubiqui- 

 tous Apple-worm {Carpocapsa pomonella) ; as it matures it is 

 eaten into by the larva? of the Plum Moth f {Semasia 'pmni- 

 vora, Walsh), rendered putrid by the Apple Maggot {Trypeta 

 pomonella, Walsh), and by the Apple Midge {Moloh'us mali, 

 Fitch) ; ^as it ripens it is gouged by the Flower Beetles, 



* I have bred specimens of this insect from apple twigs. 



+ Inappropriately so-called by Mr. Walsh, as I shall presently show. 



