120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



If I find tliat there is any appearance of scab, and the conditions seem 

 to favor its growth, I shall spray with Bordeaux mixture as late as the 

 middle of July or into August. I usually commence in June, if the season 

 is very moist, and keep it up until August, say, giving three applica- 

 tions after June; doing this, I have been able to save nine tenths of the 

 apples, entirely free from scab, where the proportion was reversed on 

 the neighborhood trees. As to the question regarding the injury, I make 

 it a practice always to reduce the strength as the season advances. I 

 think the fruit is less able to stand a strong solution, and the repeated 

 sprayings increase the amount on the fruit and the danger of injury. 



Mr. Morrill: You are speaking of rusting now? 



A. Yes, burning. I never use it quite so strong as Mr. Smith does. 

 Even in the first application of Bordeaux I only use two pounds to twenty 

 gallons. He uses six pounds to fifty gallons. About four pounds to forty 

 gallons has been as high as I have ever used it; the next time, four to fifty 

 gallons, and finally four to sixty. In some cases I found it necessary to 

 spray with some fungicide when I did not like to put on the lime. I 

 was afraid that the lime would remain there and form a whitewash, and 

 I found as good results, though less permanent, with a weak solution of 

 copper sulphate. That is the active principle in Bordeaux mixture, but 

 the great trouble is that it washes off. But to destroy the spores that 

 will be there in a few days I find it gives better results than Bordeaux 

 mixture, even, but it does not last, and if you had to put it on again it 

 would be required sooner. 



Mr. Wilde: Do you reduce the arseuites as well as the lime? 



A. Not if I am using Bordeaux mixture. At the least, I use three 

 ounces to fifty gallons; and, too, it depends on the insect for which I am 

 spraying, a good deal. If the canker worm is si)rayed for, as it should be, 

 when they are very small, it would be sufficient to use three or four 

 ounces in fifty gallons, but if they have gotten a start I like to knock them 

 out as soon as p-ossible and I increase the strength. With the lime, you 

 can use five ounces, or more than that, perhaps, to fifty gallons of water, 

 and so for any insect, I try to adjust the strength according to the 

 re<nurements. 



Mr. Cook: I am satisfied, from my observation, if we have dry weather 

 about the time the fruit is setting, after the fruit is in blossom, we are 

 not likely to see much fungous growth. If the weather is moist and 

 warm at that time, that is the critical period. I am satisfied, after the 

 fruit gets to be large, it will not injure it much. The critical time is 

 when it first sets. I have known ])ears to be affected before they were 

 fairly out of blossom. In California they are not troubled with scab, 

 because at the time the fruit sets they have dry weather. Last year and 

 this year it was dry when our fruit set. I can not keep the codlin moth 

 from getting into the early fruit. In order to succeed in this, all the 

 loose bark should be scraped off in the winter. If you do it in the winter 

 it will destroy a great many of the larva3 secreted under the bark. The 

 larvae do not leave the apples that are stung unless they fall to the 

 ground, or if they can leave them in the night, because then they are 

 not likely to be caught. They will crawl down the tree, find a place to 

 bide and in which to turn into the moth state; but if the bark is scraped 

 off, the loose bark, they will go under paper bands (if they have previ- 



