178 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 



rare instances this soft-rot produces another kind of spore of a more 

 hardv nature, destined to carry the species over long spells of unfavorable 

 weather. 



Black-rot {Sphcvropsis Malorum Berk.) has been rather common at the 

 Agricultural college several years past. Kipe apples, when first at- 

 tacked, look much as though affected with soft-rot, but the progress is 

 slower, and the fruit is harder and keeps its shape very well a consider- 

 able time. It finally becomes dark and then black, on account of the 

 color of the fungus in the apple, and shrinks away into a mummy, with 

 many folds or wrinkles on the surface. If the process is not hurried along 

 too rapidly these wrinkles will abound in little pimples which discharge 

 some little specks. Here is shown a ruptured spot (perithecium) in which 

 are some short stems bearing each a rather large, brown, oval spore, and 

 near by these are shown, in a growing state, now ready to enter a ripe 

 apple. These mummy fruits of ajjples or crab-apples, if not disturbed, 

 often hang on the tree a year or more, holding some of their spores for 

 distribution when the weather is favorable. 



Bitter-rot, ripe-rot, or anthracnose [Glwosporium fructigeniim Berk., 

 G. versicolor B. & C.) in some form or other is quite common. Apples like 

 Baldwins are often seen to have numerous small, round, tough, sunken 

 spots just beneath the skin, and in most cases these are very bitter. The 

 bitter-rot of the Baldwin above referred to is apparently not the one 

 further noticed below. I have not found this fungus in good fruiting 

 condition at the college till last year, and then only on some Pennocks. 

 Perhaps it is more likely to be confounded with black-rot than anything 

 else. In this comparison the spots are circular until two or more are 

 blended together. They are brown but never black. The pustules, peri- 

 thecia or pycnidia usually appear radiating about a center, making a 

 ring one fourth to half an inch in diameter. From the jointed stems in a 

 pustule appear small oval spores of a light color and not large nor of 

 brown color. The germinating spores of the two are quite unlike each 

 other, as seen by looking at these drawings. 



The spot disease of the Baldwin apple, often called bitter-rot (Dothidia 

 pomigena SchuL), besides being common on Baldwin appears on Pen- 

 nock and some other sorts as sunken brown spots from the size of a pin- 

 head to that of a pea, or even larger. The spots are tough, brown, and 

 bitter. Several protracted efforts to mature the fungus to a fruiting con- 

 dition have failed in the laboratory- at the college, but Prof. L. K. Jones 

 of Vermont, in his report of the experiment station for 1891, says he 

 partially succeeded in maturing the spores by placing apples in a moist 

 chamber, and that J. B. Ellis of New Jersey identified the fungus as 

 being probably the one named above. 



Apple-leaf rust {Gymnosporangiuni macropus Link.) (Roestelia pyrata 

 Thaxter). The life history of this parasite reads like a fairy tale, and 

 when heard for the first time almost every one shakes his head with 

 incredulity, notwithstanding the truth has been again and again demon- 

 strated beyond question. In May or June the leaves of the apple, when 

 affected by this fungus, are more or less spotted with orange-yellow, and 

 after a few weeks those places on the leaves are three times their normal 

 thickness. In these spots are numerous deep cluster-cups with spreading 

 margins, and in the cups spores are produced which escape, but when 

 germinating they can not be induced to grow into the leaves of the apple. 



