PROCEEDINGS OF TEIE ANNUAL MEETING 185 



If tlioi'oii^h work is iiitciKlcd, (wo iiioi'c li'cal incuts jire desii'al>l(\ espe- 

 cially if rainy weatlu'i' lias been so lavorablc lo I lie disease that it lias 

 been somewhat [uevalent in the oi'cliaid. The foiuth treatment should 

 be made about ten days after the third. This sjiraying will be of great 

 benefit to the foliage as well as !(► the fruit, and will go a long way toward 

 protecting it from fungus, and will make the leaves bright and heallhy. 

 To insure still more thorough work, from ten to fifteen days later the 

 fifth spraying nuiy be given. These five sprayings, if thoroughly done, 

 should i)ractically annihilate the scab fungus from the foliage so far as 

 one season is concerned, and should result in nuiking !J0 to 1)5 per cent, 

 of the fruit fair and smooth. 



Peai'-leaf blight, caused by the fungus Entomosporimn maculatum. pro- 

 duces small, round, brown s](ofs thickly dotted over the foliage of both 

 pear and quince, and somewhat similar spots on the fruit, except they 

 have a red-colored border. The results of the spots on the fruit is a 

 cracking and distortion of the fruit, somewhat similar to that occurring 

 in bad cases of scab. In severe cases this fungus produces a sertous 

 physiological disturbance that results in the shedding of the leaves. 

 Defoliation from the attacks of this fungus is its most serious effect. 

 In the middle and southern states, full-grown pear trees are defoliated 

 in midsummer, often bv the first week in Julv. The continued defoliation 

 becomes such a serious drain on the trees that many of the varieties fail 

 to be profitable from this cause. In Micliigan and other northern states 

 the defoliation of bearing trees is comparatively rare, but the disease 

 occurs to some extent on them and is particularly injurious to nursery 

 stock, esj)ecially to the seedlings in the nursery row, before the}' are 

 budded, and to the tiny seedlings in the seed bed. On the quince, how- 

 ever, defoliation often occurs, and the ''spot" on the fruit of the quince^ 

 as the result of the fungus, is often nearly ruinous to the crop. The 

 pear-leaf fungus is quite the opposite of scab fungus in many respects^ 

 being favored \>j hot, dry weather. Probably the spores germinate on 

 the leaves and fruit, in drops of rain or dew, in the same manner as the 

 scab fungus, but the defoliating effect particularly seems to depend on 

 hot weather. The i^ear leaf-blight fungus is much more susceptible to 

 treatment than the scab fungus, and in fact is one of tlie easiest of all 

 plant parasites to prevent. On adult trees, two or three other sprayings 

 with Bordeaux mixture, beginning after the trees are in full foliage, and 

 spraying at intervals of about fifteen days, are sufficient to practically 

 annihilate tlie fungus. In the nursery the disease is somewhat more 

 difficult to prevent, for the reason that new growth continues throughout 

 nearly the whole season, and new foliage is continually being put forth, 

 unprotected by Bordeaux mixture. On this account more spraying is 

 desirable, about five to seven treatments being necessary for thorough- 

 ness. In growing pear seedlings, spraying sliould begin as soon as the 

 seedlings are thoroughly up, and should be continued at inter\als of a 

 wTek to ten davs while new leaves are forming. It is verv difficult to 

 keep them free from the disease. 



Pictures of various types of spraying machinery were shown. The first 

 was a knapsack sprayer, made to carry on a man's back. Another con- 

 sisted of a strong force-pump mounted in a barrel. This was considered 

 to be one of the best types of machine. Then there is a somewhat elabo- 

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