22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



species of the same genus will uot unite as readily as individuals of differ- 

 ent genera, showing them to be closer related in internal structure if not 

 in outward appearance. However, the general use of grafting and bud- 

 ding is to change varieties of the same species; and, except in ornamental 

 propagation, the ordinary horticulturist will have very few cases where he 

 will be called upon to unite different species. 



The second principle is that the growing parts of the plant must be 

 united. That is, as all new growth takes place at the surface of the wood, 

 that portion of the stock and scion must come into contact at one or more 

 points; and the more of such points of contact we can make, the more 

 sure is our graft to grow. 



THEIR PKACTICAL USES. 



The principal uses of budding and grafting are: First, to change the 

 variety of trees already grown and bearing to one more desirable. By 

 using trees already grown we save several years of time. For this purpose, 

 grafting is generally the operation performed. Second, to increase kinds 

 that will not grow true from the seed, which embraces practically all tree 

 fruits; or to grow those kinds that seed very little, as is the case with 

 double-flowering trees. Third, to rapidly increase new varieties. In both 

 the latter instances, both grafting and budding is used, but the latter to- 

 far the greater extent. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 



It will be understood that the operations of grafting and budding are 

 the same in result, only being performed at a different season and in a 

 different way. In grafting, both stock and scion may be dormant, and in 

 ordinary operations the scion is always so. In budding, the stock must 

 be in a free, growing state, and the scion is usually so. Outside grafting 

 is always done in the spring, at seasons varying with the plants. Apples 

 and pears can be worked at any time after hard freezing until the trees are 

 in full leaf. Cherries and plums usually take better worked very early 

 before the sap starts. Peaches are never grafted in this latitude — always 

 budded. Ornamental trees can be grafted just as the growth starts. Root- 

 grafting, by which means apples are largely propagated, is done at any time 

 during the winter, when convenient, in a warm room, and the grafts packed 

 away till time of planting in the spring. Scions for grafting may be cut 

 at any time during the winter, when not frozen. They must be made of 

 wood of the past season's growth. Should the scions be taken from a 

 tree which is old, or bore heavily, the new growth may be too short for 

 scions. In that case they can be cut enough longer from the older wood 

 to make the joint, leaving the new portion to grow. 



After gathering the scions, pack them in damp moss or sawdust and put 

 into a cool place till they are used. This is to keep them from drying — 

 also from starting before needed. For winter root-grafting, the stocks or 

 roots must also l)e taken up in the fall and packed where they will not dry 

 nor freeze. 



Budding is usually done in late summer, when the trees or stocks have 

 about finished the season's growth, but before it has stopped, and at a 

 time when well developed buds of the season's growth can be obtained. 



