212 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



The scab of the apple and pear, and the leaf blight of the pear and quince 

 are the most destructive fungi for which fungicides are used, and all of 

 them can be to a large degree controlled. Even if the three applications, 

 as recommended, are not given, two can hardly fail to be of value, and 

 with most varieties will pay in average seasons, if the trees are bearing 

 even a light crop of fruit. 



THE GRAPE. 



In nearly all of the grape-growing sections, the injury either to foliage, 

 fruit, or both, from the downy or powdery mildews, black rot, and anthrac- 

 nose, is yearly on the increase and of all these diseases the use of the cop- 

 per mixtures will prevent the spread. 



During the past eight years many experiments with dozens of mixtures 

 have been made, with the hope of ascertaining which was most effectual, 

 and in nearly every case the best results were obtained with Bordeaux 

 mixture, which has also the advantage of being inexpensive and easily pre- 

 pared and applied. 



SMALL FRUITS 



The strawberry is frequently troubled by leaf blight and many other- 

 wise valuable varieties are nearly ruined by it. Bordeaux mixture applied 

 early in the spring and again in a diluted form just as the blossoms are 

 falling will hold it in check until after the crop is gathered, when another 

 application will be desirable if the plantation is to be kept for another 

 year. 



The rasplj^rry anthracnose soon becomes deeply seated in the canes, and 

 no fungicide can reach it. The spread of the disease can be retarded, 

 however, if the old canes are sprayed just before the leaves start. It will 

 also be well to cut out and burn all canes that are badly infected. The 

 new canes should be sprayed when a half foot high, and should receive a 

 second application at the expiration of two or three weeks. 



The currant and gooseberry often lose their foliage from the workings 

 of the currant worm and if this is kept in check the fungi may destroy 

 them. 



As soon as the leaves have formed, the combined mixture should be 

 applied and can be repeated to advantage in two or three weeks. Later 

 on, especially for European varieties of gooseberry, an occasional applica- 

 tion of liver of sulphur will keep the foliage healthy. 



The above are among the most injurious of the fungi and insects that 

 work upon our fruits, but if other similar pests trouble these or any other 

 crop, a judicious use of the remedies enumerated will keep them in check. 

 Sometimes, however, the application of remedies is not feasible, owing to 

 the nature either of the insect or f angus, or of the crop itself. 



SPRAYING APPARATUS. 



While very crude outfits will answer for the application of the fungicides 

 and insecticides, a small bucket pump will at least be desirable. For use 

 upon gooseberry, grape, and other small plants, a knapsack pump will be 

 of great value, but a strong force pump mounted upon a barrel or tank will 

 be indispensable for orchard spraying. For large orchards, a sprocket 

 wheel and endless chain attachment for working the pump by horsepower 

 will be desirable. 



The nozzle used for the Bordeaux mixture should be so constructed that 



