204 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



been marvelous in making apples perfect, even when the adjoining orchards 

 were not treated — showing that the moths migrate but little. 



W. H. Parmelee used London purple this year and had more perfect apples 

 than for years, nor so free from codling moth, some being almost wholly 

 sound. There is danger of injury to trees by use of too strong solution. He 

 uses one pound to 50 gallons of water, but half the quantity is sufficient. The 

 mixture was benificial also upon cherry trees. 



W. N". Cook spoke of the danger to the operator. Do not allow the spray 

 to be blown back against you. Kerosene emulsion is said to be much better. 



Prof. Eagan : Prof. Kiley's position is that the emulsion is preferable. It is 

 made of 75 per cent of oil, 25 of soft soap, to one gallon of water. 



S. D. Willard: It requires more skill to use the emulsion without injury to 

 the trees than to use Paris green. Three ounces to 40 gallons of water is a 

 sufficient quantity, but the powder is often adulterated and so is of variable 

 strength. I have used it upon pears also, while the blossom ends were upward, 

 with good effect. Keep to windward of the spray and wear gloves lest the 

 poison enter wounds upon the hands. 



Mr. Cook: If the emulsion is perfect it remains uniform when diluted, but 

 if the union of the ingredients is not perfect injury is likely to result. 



The question "What amount of Paris green is necessary?" elicited replies of 

 "a level tablespoonful to a tobacco pail of water," and "a rounding teaspoon- 

 ful to two gallons of water." 



In continuance of the discussion the author read the following paper: 



UPON WHAT DOES THE FUTURE SUCCESS OF APPLE GROWING DEPEND 



BY J. N. STEARNS, OF KALAMAZOO. 



To my mind the success and profit in apple growing in the future will 

 depend upon the same points that the successful growing of all other fruits 

 will, and I think they may be summed up under the following heads: judi- 

 cious selection of varieties; proper planting of the same on soils adapted to 

 the varieties; thorough cultivation (including fertilization) ; protection from 

 insects ; and putting on the market only first-class perfect fruit. Under the 

 first head I may say that I doubt if one orchard in a hundred is now planted 

 with varieties adapted to the location and soil. I know of many orchards 

 of from two to five hundred trees that not one-fourth of them are of varieties 

 that have proved profitable. The owners of such orchards at once pronounce 

 apple growing a failure, when if the three-fourths had been planted to varie- 

 ties adapted to his soil, and the other points mentioned carried out, that five 

 acre orchard would prove more profitable, in one year with another, than 

 five times the same ground devoted to any other farm crop. 



Under the subject of cultivation I will pass with but very few remarks, as 

 I believe that it is pretty generally understood at this time, that to have a 

 good orchard, it is necessary to give good cultivation, for a few years at least. 

 It may be well, when an orchard is old enough to commence bearing, to seed 

 down for a year or two, but I am satisfied that cultivation is as necessary in 

 a bearing apple as a peach orchard, to get good smooth fruit, and especially, 

 in a dry season. Much of our knotty, scabby fruit is due to the want of 

 cultivation. 



Protection from insects, I believe, is the one important thing to be 

 attended to, to make the future of apple growing profitable. The masses 



