No. 6. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 731 



ME. HULTON: Would you advocate the use of a manger at all? 



PROF. VAN NORMAN: The question of a manger depends upon 

 what you mean. A manger is where the cow eats her feed. 



MR. HULTON: No manger at all, simply a hay rack to feed from, 

 galvanized buckets, and rinse out clean every time you feed. And 

 no feed left in the manger to make dirt. 



PROF. VAN NORMAN: Any method that works is all right. If 

 it works it is good. To me the labor of the cleansing of those buck- 

 ets every day would overbalance the good. 



A Member: Haven't you found it is hard to keep the cow clean 

 where the manger is used? 



PROF. VAN NORMAN: If you can keep the cow back with her 

 heels on the edge of the trough, you can keep her cleaner. Now 

 then does the advantage of the loose bucket that has to be washed 

 after each use, pay for the labor? 



DAIRY INSPECTION. 



By GOVERNOR. HOARD, of Wisconsin. 



Mr. President: I am quite familiar with all the work which is be 

 ing done to-day in Wisconsin. Let me say in the first place, that 

 we have about 3,000 cheese factories and creameries, and we have 

 somewhere in the neighborhood of 150,000 to 175,000 farmers con- 

 tributing milk to those institutions. We have been confronted, in 

 the progress of our dairy work, with the difficulty of securing cleanly 

 work on the part of the cheese factory and the creamery and the 

 farmer. We have suffered severely in the revenues of the state. 

 We are suffering in Wisconsin, just as you are in Pennsylvania, from 

 the indifference of the farmer to his own education. A large pro- 

 portion of the men who supply milk to the cheese factories and the 

 creameries in Wisconsin do not read a word. I would say not over 

 fifteen or twenty per cent, of the men in Wisconsin who supply milk 

 ever read a word on dairy subjects. This is a larger per cent, than 

 is to be found in almost any state. It cuts out a large percentage 

 of his profit, it makes him helpless before the difficulties of his own 

 position. You cannot put the knowledge and understanding into his 

 mind if he will not familiarize his mind with principles. In like 

 character, but not to that extent, do we find men running cheese 

 factories and creameries in the state who won't read or study, and 

 who have no contact with information. I think the most powerful 

 word in all the English language is that one word of seven letters, 

 c-o-n-t-a-c-t. Men educate themselves and grow in knowledge and 

 understanding in proportion as they have contact, with books, ideas, 

 things, men. Now, when a man refuses himself contact, what then? 

 By an inverse ratio he becomes not as gods, knowing good from evil, 



