No. 7. DEPARTMENT OB' AGIilCULTURE. 543 



the lime and sulphur and water and turn on the steam and let it 

 boil for the full length of time desired without even being obliged 

 to stir it. 



It will surprise many to learn how long galvanized iron lasts for 

 this work, while copper is destroyed at once by boiling material in 

 it, we iind the galvanized iron does very well during several years 

 if not permitted to rust out. One of the demonstrators had a gal- 

 vanized iron hog scalder which he used as his boiling kettle and 

 from the satisfactory results with that we took the hint and con- 

 structed several such tubs for use in our experiments because they 

 were lighter and more convenient than iron kettles could be which 

 were of such size as to hold the same quantity, 



''Steam boiling outfits are most desirable when considerable quan- 

 tities of lime-sulphur wash must be made." 



Where a person desires to make a small quantity to use on 

 a few trees either with a paint brush to cover the trees thoroughly 

 from top to bottom, by painting or with a spray pump, he can easily 

 do this on his kitchen stove by opening the windows and boiling the 

 material in an old tin pan or even an iron dinner pot. In fact the 

 vessel will not be injured for domestic purposes by putting it, 

 t(«nporarily to such use. I don't want to give the impression that 

 the lime-sulphur wash is absolutely necessary for the stamping out 

 or the control of the San Jos^ Scale. Persons can use successfully 

 other insecticides such as kerosene emulsion, twenty-five or thirty 

 per cent, or whale oil soap two pounds in one gallon of water, or 

 some of the good commercial insecticides that are on the market 

 and are well recommended by reliable persons. 



"Iron kettles may be used for boiling small quantities of lime- 

 sulphur wash. When such kettles are used set them in a brick arch. 

 Spray pumps capable of giving sufficient power to throw a strong 

 spray should always be used." 



This comes back to Mr. Heiss' so-called "tin cup" spraj'ers and 

 their inefficiency and unsatisfactory results. 



"Whenever more than a few trees are to be sprayed, it does not 

 pay to attempt to use small, cheap spray pumps. Thoroughness in- 

 spraying is necessary in order to secure satisfactory results. This 

 rule applies no matter what mixture or solution is employed for 

 spraying the trees." 



I have made a special study of the causes of failure in spraying 

 for San Jos^ Scale, and the chief cause in most cases is the lack of- 

 thoroughness of application. This must be emphasized. What- 

 ever material is used, should b*e applied thoroughly from the tips of 

 the highest branches entirely to the base of the tree in a double 

 coat, or two good, thorough applications, one following the other 

 as soon as the operator may wish to make it, or in case of use of any 

 material that leaves a stain like the lime-sulphur wash. The re- 

 touching spray can be given at any time after the first coat is dry 

 enough to let the operator see what spots were missed the first time. 

 In Franklin county many of the fruit growers were becoming dis- 

 couraged and, in fact, disgusted with the lime-sulphur wash, saying 

 it did not kill the scale on their trees. By personal examination I 

 decided that this was due to lack of sufficiently thorough application 

 and to giving it a final and complete test. Mr. Clayton Miller, of 

 Marion, sprayed his apple trees five times, one after the other, for 

 the sake of thoroughly covering the bark at every place. On the 6th / 



