FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT. 63 



On the other hand a bud or scion is literally a "chip off the old block/' 

 and we find it to contain the characters of only one plant, the plant 

 from which it was taken. 



A concrete example is found in the selection of cuttings from a 

 chosen tree in the orchard and propagating trees from these right in 

 the same orchard and under similar conditions. It shows that even 

 if this is done for several succeeding generations, that the last trees 

 will produce no better fruit than the original tree in the orchard. 



We cannot breed up by this method of selection of cuttings, a type 

 of Northern Spy for example that had in addition to all the ordinary 

 Spy qualities, the character of resistance to scab, or a thicker, tougher 

 skin to improve its shipping qualities. 



I have here a Northern Spy produced on a tree which was grown from 

 a scion taken from the original Spy tree at E. Bloomfield, New York. 

 It is therefore only one generation removed from the original Spy. This 

 tree was not sprayed this year and scabs shows up on this specimen. 

 In the other hand I have a Spy from a tree that has no pedigree be- 

 cause through several generations the scions have been selected in- 

 discriminately from among Spy trees. Holding them up for comparison 

 shows no differences by which you could distinguish one from the other. 



BALDWIN FKUIT SPOT. 



W. S. FIELDS, BUFFALO, N. Y. 



The Baldwin Fruit Spot is a disease, so-called perhaps because it 

 occurs on this variety more than on any other. But the specimens 

 which I have in my hand are Northern Spies affected with this disease. 



This fruit spot is called by various names and is confused with 

 ''Sooty Spot" and "Brown Spot," both of which are fungus diseases. 

 The disease appears on the surface of the apple in the form of small 

 brown spots, varying in diameter from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of 

 an inch. The spots are slightly sunken or depressed, so that the sur- 

 face has a pitted appearance. You will note that the spots are not 

 uniformly distributed over the surface and are considerably more 

 numerous towards the apical portion than towards the cavity of the 

 fruit. In these specimens the cavity is practically free of the spots. 



The spots extend into the flesh of the apple but a short distance, about 

 as much as the diameter of the spot. Then the damage to the apple 

 is principally one of disfigurement but we all know that a number one 

 apple must be free from blemishes and so an apple affected with this 

 disease, no matter how perfect otherwise, will be graded as a number 

 two or three. It has been observed that these spots are not confined 

 to the surface but may occur at any depth in the flesh and will increase 

 in number in cold storage. The browned tissue may have a slightly bit 

 ter flavor in the older spots but this bitterness is not a constant factor. 



The cause of this disease is unknown thus far and careful observa 

 tions in the laboratory conclude that neither fungi nor bacteria can be 



