46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



pine from 40 acres he had bought for $200, aud by that means make a profit 

 of $500 ; but he had no care or even thought of what should become of the 

 land afterward. There are so many such that it seems useless and hopeless 

 to do anything. Only one thing remains for us to do, and that is to continue 

 to discuss the effects of cutting. No farmer in southern Michigan can afford 

 to be without a woods tract, and this as a matter of practical sense, not of 

 sentiment. Mr. Garfield said he had planted recently 1,200 little trees and 

 has cultivated them. The black locust grew most rapidly, the hardy catalapa 

 next (half as high as the preceding), and the others less, on down to the ever- 

 greens. He means to extend the plat, and solely for protection and benefit 

 to his farm. Ten years ago he planted 1,000 such trees just west of his house. 

 The Austrian pines are now 25 feet high, although at first only a few inches. 

 All others have done as well for their kind and now make a perfect windbreak 

 for his house, which before was bleak. He cited the case of a western man 

 who had made profit from growing the black locust; and answered a question 

 by saying there is no trouble from the borer to a large plantation of these 

 trees, no more than there is from the cabbage worm to a large field of cab- 

 bages. Several cases were cited, and severe criticism spoken, of the men 

 possessed of a fever for cutting trees, one of these being that of a man who 

 wantonly cut a beautiful windbreak of elms and soon lost 500 bushels of 

 apples, blown off, as a consequence. 



HINTS ON" PLANTING TEEES. 



Prof. W. J. Beal: This mania for timber is much like the boys' disposi- 

 tion for stealing apples, a matter of heredity, something inherent to the Anglo- 

 Saxon race, which has spent its whole course in subduing wooded countries. 

 There is no help for northern Michigan until all the timber is cut off and 

 burned off and the lumbermen gone elsewhere. 



Continuing on the management of artificial plantations, Mr. Beal said: 

 ^'Some trees will not grow in the shade, and if planted by themselves the 

 tops will be very thin, allowing the light to reach the soil, which encourages 

 the growth of grass and weeds. These will check the growth of trees. Trees 

 of this sort are black walnut, white ash and the European larch. Some trees 

 will endure a medium amount of shade, as our oaks and the sugar maple; 

 some will grow very well in the shade, as the beach and most pines, spruces, 

 and cedars. With larches, ashes and walnuts should be planted two to one 

 of some shade-loving trees, mixed in checkerboard style. Plant trees about 

 four feet apart and cultivate, the longer the better for the trees. Tiim 

 occasionally, so that the tops of adjacent trees barely touch each other. While 

 young, see tliat no bf.d crotches are allowed to form. A young maple, oak, 

 or elm is much like an apple tree, it will grow very slowly in the grass, 

 especially if the soil be a poor one For windbreaks, white pine holds out 

 long and well. Scotch pine grows fast but becomes straggling; and butter- 

 nut grows fast at first but slowly later." Mr. Beal also noted the many uses 

 to which very young timber is put in the mechanical arts, showing that a 

 profitable demand for it is likely to be male upon its grower. 



G. S. Linderman called attention to the rapid growth of the honey locust. 



E. Graham could see but little hope for advancement of forestry in this 

 generation, for no one will now do much except for the present dollar, but 

 eventually its precepts and practice must become well established. 



