RUSSIAN AND OTHER FRUITS. 325 



Besides the foregoing, carya tomentosa the mocker-nut or white-heart 

 hickory; Carya qlahra, the pig-nut or broom hickory, and Carya amara, the 

 bitter-nut or swamp hickory, are indigenous and more or less common, 

 although of little value save as useful timber. Their limit northward can 

 not be said to be determined, save that Messrs. Wheeler and Smith, in their 

 Michigan Flora, remark that *' No member of this family gets much north of 

 latitude 43^." 



In southern Minnesota, however, near the latitude of Saint Paul (45°), the 

 hickory {Carya alba) and bitter-nut (Carya amara) are reported to be suc- 

 cessful, probably as artificially planted trees. 



THE CHESTNUT. 



The American chestnut (Castanea vesca) finds its northern limit in Michi- 

 gan at about latitude 43°, although it is apparently hardy much further 

 north, probably throughout the lower and possibly in some portions of the 

 upper peninsula. 



West of Lake Michigan this tree is not known to exist as an indigenous 

 growth, although when planted on suitable soils it proves hardy and success- 

 ful. 



Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) is a native of southern Pennsylvania and 

 Ohio, and on south, and is only known further north as an introduced 

 curiosity. 



The European or Spanish chestnut {Castanea vulgaris) bears a much larger 

 nut, though less sweet than the American. The tree is tender at the north 

 and west, except in specially favored localities. 



The Japanese chestnut is a comparatively recent introduction, apparently 

 quite similar to the Spanish, although it is claimed to be an earlier bearer, 

 with even larger fruit. It will no doubt prove tender, at least north of lati- 

 tude 43°. 



