42 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1914. 



consist of his photoplione, induction balance apparatus, multiple 

 telegraph apparatus, etc. 



Near by is the experimental telephone apparatus made and used 

 by Mr. Emile Berliner, whose invention of the battery transmitter 

 antedated that of Thomas A. Edison, and also various telephone de- 

 vices demonstrating the work of Edison, Elisha Gray, and others. 

 Of much historical interest is the make-and-break telephone, which 

 transmitted sounds but not articulate speech, devised by Philip Eeis, 

 of Frankfort, Germany, in 1860. 



At the western end of the hall are the exhibits illustrating the re- 

 cording and reproducing of sound. The phonautograph, devised by 

 Leon Scott in 1857, occupies a special case at the entrance. It was 

 made by Rudolph Koenig, of Paris, and obtained for the Smith- 

 sonian Institution by Prof. Joseph Henry in 1866. In this instru- 

 ment the record of speech is traced on a carbon-coated cylinder by a 

 light stylus attached to a thin membrane, which is set in vibration by 

 the sound of the voice. The cylinder is rotated by hand. The record 

 made by this process can not be reproduced, but was employed for 

 studying sound waves. This machine is the first in which the vibrat- 

 ing diaphragm and recording stylus were used, and these devices 

 form one of the principal features of the talking machines of later 

 invention. 



Following the phonautograph is the Edison phonograph, the first 

 talking machine operated. It was brought out in 1878, and in the 

 same year was exhibited before President Hayes at the White House 

 and before the National Academy of Sciences at the Smithsonian In- 

 stitution. In this instrument the sound record is embossed on a sheet 

 of tin foil, wrapped around a cylinder, by a metal stylus attached to 

 a vibrating diaphragm. The spoken words are reproduced by revolv- 

 ing the cylinder while the stylus travels over the impressions, and 

 this can be repeated many times. Closely associated are later devel- 

 opments of the phonograph, represented in a series of Edison instru- 

 ments in which the records are made on wax cylinders by a steel 

 stylus, and by inventions of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell and Mr. 

 Sumner Tainter, by which the record on the wax cylinder is carved 

 out by a stylus terminating in a cutting point. 



Another group of important original apparatus illustrates the 

 talking machine called the gramophone, devised by Mr. Emile Ber- 

 liner, first introduced in 1887, and publicly demonstrated the follow- 

 ing year before the Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia. In the 

 gramophone the sound vibrations are recorded in a delicate film of 

 wax or fatty substance spread on the surface of a flat zinc disk, and 

 by means of chromic acid the lines traced by the stylus are etched in 

 the zinc to an even depth. From this record is then made a reverse 

 electrotype matrix which serves for the production of a large num- 



