FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT. 89 



tier and placing it npon the market for i^ale withont it contains on the 

 hibel or wrapper the name of the manufactnrer, the constituent ingre- 

 dients of the compound, also where the goods are put up; and I will be 

 glad when we have a law which will say that we cannot sell anything 

 in the fruit line on the market without it contains the name and address 

 of the packer or raiser. 



Prof. Sanders — The general trend of legislation is toward branding 

 everything sold, not only of food, but of spray materials, textiles, all 

 kinds of clothing. If it is wool you w^ant to know it. The same with 

 silks. If you only knew how little real silk there is then you would 

 appreciate this. I doubt if there is ten per cent of the silk on the mar- 

 ket that is actually spun by the silk worm, 



Q. Would not the advertising, and the area and extent of the nur- 

 sery have a bad effect on a new nursery? I have been planting stock 

 from a large nursery with very unsatisfactory results. I have lost all 

 of these trees. This year I have jmrchased my trees from an agent who 

 is growing his own nursery stock and heeling in his stock that is left. 

 I believe that a great many of the trees are fumigated in the root cel- 

 lars and we have no way of telling whether they are good or not. Our 

 trees come from all over the countrj-. Is there no way that we can have 

 any assurance as to whether the trees have been killed by over-fumiga- 

 tion ? 



Prof. Sanders — I think there is no way that we can definitely detect' 

 whether trees have been hurt by over-fumigation. As a matter of fact 

 there are very fcAv trees killed by fumigation. I will give you a point- 

 er: — I have seen so many trees prepared for fumigation that were dug 

 up and allowed to lay in the sun for hours, or even for a day or two, 

 befoie they were fumigated that the chances are ten to one tliat damase 

 does not come from over-fumigation. Fumigation at the normal cyan- 

 ide strength, one ounce of potassium cyanide to each one hundred cubic 

 feet of space is not liable to do any damage to dormant fruit stock. I 

 tried four times the normal strength on apple trees in a dormant condi- 

 tion without injury, but I jtrotected the roots from drying after digging. 

 There is where the injury is done to most of our nursery stock! We 

 find in tiny little rootlets that are allowed to dry out. the cells become 

 dry and never regain their normal condition even when j)ut in a dam]> 

 cellar. 



4 Member— I have a question on which I would like the Professor's 

 opinion. He mentioned the scale as passing the winter in a semi-dor- 

 mant condition. What damage is the scale supposed to do during the 

 winter months? 



In answer to that question I will say that the San Jose scale does 

 very little damage through the winter because it is in a dormant con- 

 dition, taking but little, if any, nourishment, but as soon as the warm 

 weather opens up in the spring, and the sap begins to flow, then it be- 

 gins to feed. Most of our native scales dift'er "from San Jose in that 

 there is but one brood annually. The San Jose scale has several genera- 

 tions a year, perhaps three in this clinmte, or four or five or even six 

 generations further south, and it brings forth living young. That is 

 where the essential difference lies between the San Jose "^sale and the na- 

 tive scale. 



Q. Is the damage due to the sucking of the sap or to the putting of 

 the poison back into the tree? 



