EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 



193 



IV. ',*'('«* 



TTT 







Fig. 3. — Inner surface of a flake of bark, showing cocoon of codling-moth, enlarged, and 

 tlie hole pierced by woodpecker in extracting the larvae. 



FUMIGATION OF STORAGE HOUSES. 



Great numbers pass the winter in storage houses, in cellars where apples are 

 stored, in old barrels, etc. Fumigation with sulphur, at the rate of three pounds 

 to 1,000 cubic feet of air-space should rid a cellar or storage house of the pests. 



SPEAYING. 



Spraying is an old remedy but one that is very effectual, and by far the best 

 means at hand. A spray of paris-green put on while the apple stands upright 

 and before it turns down, after the blossoms fall and the stamens wither, will de- 

 posit a small amount of poison inside the calyx cup, which poison after a short 

 time, dries and remains indefinitely. Now as the majority of the first brood and 

 sometimes the second brood as well, enter at the calyx, the poison could not be 

 better placed. Early in the season, fruit tunneled by the codling-moth, falls to 

 the ground, thus thinning the fruit and saving the tree from the drain of sup- 

 porting damaged fruit, but later, in the case of the second brood, the case is dif- 

 ferent. The larvae get into the fruit, much of which rots, while some appears to 

 be healthy until after it is packed and stored "away, where the larvae finish their 

 development slowly and spin cocoons in the barrels or bins. The first brood 

 does less damage than the second, but the size of the second brood depends largely 

 on the proportion of the first brood that lives through. A spray applied just 

 about the time that the young hatch out, during the first week of August, should 

 and does reduce the second brood very materially. The reason for this is found 

 in the fact that the majority of the eggs are laid on the leaves, which readily 

 take and retain the poison. The fact that the larvae feed, for the most part, on 

 the underside of the leaves, makes the advantage of under spraying apparent. If 

 more than two spi-ays are to be applied, they may be put on, one soon after the first 

 application and the other about ten days or two weeks after the first August 

 spray, the period midway between the two, being a time of comparative inactivity. 



Clean culture pays without question. Clods furnish places for the larvae to 

 pupate, and brush and prunings furnish favorite quarters for such purposes. 

 Many cocoons were found under brush, and trees under which brush was allowed 

 to lie, showed a corresponding decrease in the number of cocoons under the bark- 

 flakes and bands. 



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