260 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 



Investment: Highest. Lowest. 



Buildings (stable, dairy, etc.) $20,000 $5,000 



Cows, 100 head 7,500 5,000 



$27,500 $10,000 

 Interest on Investment: 



Buildings at 10 per cent $2,000 $500 



Cows at 20 per cent 1,500 1,000 



$3,500 $1,500 



Expenses: 



Interest $3,500 $1,500 



Manager 1,500 1,500 



Feed 5,300 4,000 



Labor at $25 2,500 2,500 



$12,800 $9,500 

 Income: 



250,000 qts. milk (2.500 per cow) at 3 cents per qt. at stable $7,500 



250,000 qts. milk, at 5 cents per qt. at stable 12,500 



Permit other receipts and expenses to offset each other. 



Loss under highest estimate = $300 



Loss under lowest estimate = 2,000 



Gain of lowest estimate with high priced milk = 3,000 



Another phase of milk production in my judgment does not usually appeal 

 to the sanitary commenter or milk consumer. If one were to make a close 

 investigation with the idea of determining how many farmers are capable of 

 producing milk profitably and in a pure form, I am certain it would be found 

 that less than one per cent could fulfill the requirements. A man capable of 

 producing milk that will answer the requirements of the sanitarian is an unusual 

 agricultural man and one fit for success in almost any profession. He must be 

 a thoroughly capable man, and, being a capable man, of course demands a fitting 

 remuneration. His profession and himself are too little appreciated by society 

 and scientific men. It is necessary that he know how to breed animals suc- 

 cessfully and by so doing develop their capacity for milk production, at the 

 same time keeping his animals sound. He must know how to feed animals 

 economically and in such a manner as not to create any physiological disturbance, 

 thus giving rise to an abnormal flavor or aroma in the milk, and still maintain 

 the yield and richness of the milk. It is necessary that he not only have this as 

 theoretical and scientific knowledge, but he must also be able to apply his notions 

 in a practical manner, reaching every individual animal and every detailed 

 operation under his care, for every animal has its idiosyncrasies, and these 

 idiosyncrasies, to a large extent, determine profit or loss, and every operation 

 must be adjusted to circumstances; in other words, he must be a man of great 

 resources. He should recognize and diagnose immediately any disturbance in an 

 animal or any factor which may cause bad milk or decrease its fiow. The rela- 

 tionship between milk production and physiological processes he knows in a 

 practical way, better than a scientist knows from analysis, and can usually give 

 more satisfactory answers. The producer of milk must be acquainted with milk 

 and its handling, he must appreciate that the feeding of ragweed, chickweed, 

 silage, turnips, and many other substances well known to him will give rise to 

 an undesirable quality of milk, must also know that certain diseases alter the 

 milk, that others are dangerous, and must understand that many physiological 

 and emotional disturbances may change the character or nature of the milk. 

 These things he has learned from science and experience, and one by one he 

 has mastered them to the extent that he is able to meet at a moment's notice 

 any of the usual emergencies which arise. This side of the production of milk 

 is seldom brought forward, and people too little realize what it means to produce 

 pure milk or what it costs. If the consumer in the city finds that his milkman 

 is raising the price of milk one cent per quart, he immediately concludes that 

 there is so much clear gain going to the producer, accordingly, when once the 

 price and standards are established, it is very diflScult to change. If a hardware 



