306 



STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 



latitude must be allowed in considering these dates as the broods string out and 

 overlap. The dates given seem to be the times for the greatest number of 

 insects during the season of 1903. 



The injury by the first brood is slight compared with that inflicted by the 

 second brood, because the apples injured early in the season fall to the ground, 

 long before they ripen, while the apples injured by the second brood of insects, 

 either rot on the trees or just after picking, sometimes doing so after packing 

 when they are apt to spoil many sound fruits at the same time. The larvae 

 of the second brood usually enter the fruit on the side or where two apples 

 or an apple and a leaf touch, about 80 per cent according to our counts, the 

 remaining 20 per cent going in at the calyx. Now the second broods do the 

 most damage, but the first brood is by far the easier to destroy, and as the first 

 brood is parent to the second, no effort should be spared to kill as many of 

 them as possible. The question of spraying to catch these two broods will be 

 taken up under remedies. 



As has been stated the insects pass the winter as larvae enclosed in cocoons, 

 for the most part under thin pieces of bark scale. The great majority of larvae 



Fig. 25. — Codling-moth, after Riley, American Entomologist. 



in such situations are eaten by woodpeckers, nuthatches, etc., during the winter 

 time, but a few especially well hidden, and those below the snow line, escape. 

 If the loose bark scales below this line be brushed or scraped off it will drive 

 the insects up into parts accessible to the birds. Great numbers winter in old 

 apple barrels, beneath the hoops, and in the crease near the bottom, also in 

 cellars where apples are stored, in cold storage houses, etc. The moths come 

 forth from such places and invade the orchards. 



The adult, winged moth is about the color of the bark of the tree, brownish 

 grey with transverse wavy lines on the front wings. At the hind ends of the 

 wings are areas of darker color with bronzy patches. The moth is about three- 

 eighths of an inch long and when sitting with closed wings, resembles a small 

 patch of lichen or rough bark; so close is the resemblance that it is very 

 diflScult to detect them. The cocoon when made under a loose scale of bark, 

 is about one-half inch long, oval in form and flattened so as just to occupy the 

 space allowed. Often a tube extends from one end toward the outer side, the 

 larvae commencing to spin where the crack is too large and building a tube as it 

 crowds in toward the narrow part. In the winter cocoons, there is usually a 

 good deal of chewed up fibre in the sides of the cocoon, but silk alone inside, 

 and where it comes in contact with the outer and inner bark. 



BEAIEDIES. 



The time honored practice of spraying with paris-green just as the blossoms 

 fall, is the best method known, if the work is to be expended in one effort, but 

 several sprays are better than one. Use one pound of paris-green or its equiva- 



