EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 307 



lent in strength of some arsenical, and one pound of quick-lime to one hundred 

 and seventy-five sallons of water. Use a fine nozzle and apply after the petals 

 fall but before the young fruit turns down. Put a drop of poison in each calyx 

 cup so that when the larva comes a few weeks or days later, and attempts an 

 ■entrance, it will get a little of the preparation. If two sprays are to be applied, 

 put on the second about the first of August so as to catch the larvje of the 

 second brood as they try to go in through the side of the apple. These two 

 sprays are necessary to obtain good fruit as a general thing, if more than two 

 sprays are to be applied, put them on two weeks or ten days before and after 

 the August spray. 



Fumigation of cellars where apples are stored and destruction by fire of old 

 apple packages about the first of May, will prove very useful. Use three pounds 

 of brimstone to one thousand cubic feet of air space in the cellar or storage 

 room. Bands of burlap placed about the trunks of the trees will furnish con- 

 venient places for the larvae to pupate. If they are to be forced under the bands, 

 however, the trees will have to be scraped. Ordinarily it will be expedient to 

 apply the earlier sprays with bordeaux in order to prevent the scab. The August 

 spray, however, probably will be best with lime alone, as bordeaux is not so 

 effective late in the season. Whenever spraying for scab, it will pay to put in 

 a little paris-green, on general principles. 



The Apple Maggot. {Rhagoletis pomonella.) 



Sweet apples and also semi-acid ones, are often attacked by a "worm" which 

 tunnels all through the flesh indiscriminately. An examination of the culprit 

 shows him to be footless and without a distinct head, the mouth parts of dark 

 horny material, however, showing through the skin. This is the apple-maggot, 

 somewhat smaller than the house-fly, and with wings marked by dark bands. 

 The eggs are laid in pockets cut under the skin of the fruit, and the maggots 

 which hatch from them, tunnel indiscriminately through the flesh, not confining 

 their work to the vicinity of the core as does the codling moth. After the fruit 

 falls to the ground, the maggot passes out into the soil and changes to a 

 puparium, which stage corresponds to the cocoon stage of many familiar In- 

 sects. In the spring, the fly comes out ready to lay another batch of eggs in 

 the young apples. 



REMEDIES. 



The habit of laying eggs beneath the surface of the fruit precludes the use 

 of sprays. No spray will reach either the egg or the maggots. The only time 

 when they can be successfully combated, is after the fruit falls, and before the 

 maggots go into the soil. At this time the fruit may be destroyed in several 

 ways; the orchard may be kept clean by hogs or sheep, or the apples may be 

 gathered every day and made into cider, or else fed to stock. In the latter 

 case, they should be fed on a tight board floor so that the maggots can not 

 come out of the apple and burrow into the soil. If no use for the fallen fruit 

 presents itself, then gather it and bury in trenches or pits. Well cultivated 

 orchards are less apt to be badly infested than are those in sod, as the pupae 

 in the soil are disturbed by the cultivation and exposed to their natural enemies. 

 Fowls, birds, shrews, etc., pick up many of the pupje thus exposed. 



Green Fruit-worms. (Xylina 8pp.) 



From time to time, green "worms," about the size of cut-worms, are to be 

 seen working on fruits. The writer has usually found them on apples and 

 once on strawberry. They are apple-green or light-green in color and have three 

 light-yellowish stripes running the entire length, one line on the back and one 

 on each side. Sometimes there are additional markings which are quite vari- 

 able. They eat holes in the young fruit and foliage. They are said to work 

 on a number of trees and shrubs, including most of the fruits grown in Michi- 

 gan, feeding during the day and probably also during the night, and dropping 

 to the ground when disturbed. The pupal stage is passed in earthen cells in the 

 ground. Professor Slingerland, who discusses these creatures at length says* 

 that the insects are very difficult to kill with the ordinary late sprays, but 



*Bul. No. 123, Cornell University Experiment Station. 



