EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 403 



the peach, for which a weak solution would be preferable. Although less effective 

 than Bordeaux mixture, the weak solutions of copper sulphate may be used to 

 advantage where it is not desirable to apply mixtures containing lime. They 

 seem fully as effectual as the ammonia solutions and are much cheaper. 



POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 



Potassium Sulphide (liver of sulphur) 3 ounces 



Water 10 gallons 



This solution is valuable for the gooseberry and other powdery mildews, for 

 which it seems even more effectual than Bordeaux mixture, although its effects 

 are less lasting. It does not discolor the fruit and is quite harmless. 



KEROSENE EMULSIOX. 



This is a well known remedy for use upon soft-bodied or scale insects that 

 suck the sap. It is made from kerosene, water and soap, either hard or soft, or 

 whale oil. 



To one quart of water add one pint of soft or two ounces of hard soap and heat 

 until the soap is dissolved. Add one pint of kerosene and agitate freely for from 

 three to five minutes, or until it forms a cream-like emulsion, from which the 

 oil does not separate upon standing. This is a stock solution and can be kept 

 for any length of time. Before using, it should be diluted according to the 

 condition of the trees and kinds of insects. For scale insects it is desirable to spray 

 while the trees are dormant, after diluting. this stock solution so that there will 

 be one part of kerosene to three of water, but if it is applied for the same class 

 of insects while the trees are in leaf, the amount of water should be at least 

 seven or eight times as great as of the kerosene in the stock solution. At this 

 strength it will be fatal to all soft-bodied insects and to many of the scales, while 

 for many of the insects with soft bodies it will be found sufficiently powerful if 

 fifteen parts of water are used to one of the kerosene. 



When making the emulsion with whale oil soap, the amount of the soap will 

 vary with the amount of water it contains. If in a semi-liquid condition, one pint 

 will answer for a pint of the oil, while four ounces will be sufficient if it is in a 

 solid form. 



In making the emulsion care should be taken to keep the kerosene away from 

 the fire, and a force pump should be used rather than to rely upon a spoon or 

 paddle. 



KEROSENE AND WATER MIXTURE. 



Fully as good results have been secured when the kerosene has been formed 

 into a mechanical mixture with the water as when it is emulsified. Within the 

 last three or four years pumps for forming this mixture have been made by The 

 Deming Co., Salem, O., and The Goulds Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. They can be 

 regulated to supply any proportion of oil that is desired, and do good work. 

 The amount of oil is practically the same as when an emulsion is made, i. e., one 

 part of oil to three of water for scale insects when the trees are dormant, seven 

 parts of water to one of oil for the same insects when the trees are growing, and 

 fifteen parts of water to one of oil for most of the soft-bodied, sucking insects. 

 When applied in this way, the cost of the materials and labor of preparing them 

 is much reduced, and, in addition to securing as good if not better results, it has 

 been found that the danger of injuring tender foliage is lessened. Kerosene should 

 not be used upon peach trees. 



PARTS GREEN. 



Paris green 1 pound 



Water 100 . to 200 gallons 



For the destruction of insects that eat the foliage or fruit. Paris green is a 

 valuable remedy. It can be used in water in the above proportions, the stronger 

 mixture being used for potatoes, while for fruits it is seldom advisable to use 

 more than 1 pound in 200 gallons of water, unless in connection with lime water 

 or Bordeaux mixture. It is always advisable to first form a paste with a small 



