362 EXPE'RIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 



and comparing this to the number of miles of city streets has also been used 

 to determine excess delivery and dupKcation. 



Our method of determining duplication, as previously described in this 

 bulletin (page 361), eliminates the greatest fault of the other methods in that 

 it shows more accurately the necessary duplication in theoretical distribution 

 as for determining duplication in actual distribution. 



After the study of milk delivery in each city was completed and while a 

 knowledge of the demands for service in the different sections of the city was 

 still fresh in mind, the city was mapped with a theoretical system of milk 

 wagons designed to supply the entire city from one common starting point. 

 The mileage traveled, and necessary duplication in this system, was scaled 

 from the map, using the city studied as the geometrical figure. 



The writer does not maintain that the. theoretical system would in actual 

 practice effect all the economies designated in this bulletin. First, because 

 experienced persons have difficulty in laying out a new system and have it 

 work successfully. As soon as actual operations begin omissions and com- 

 plications are sure to be discovered. Second, a central distributing plant 

 does not have the tendency to give service to the consumer or demand effi- 

 ciency from its men as is necessary in independent competing companies 

 whose existence depends on efficiency and service. 



DUPLICATION OF DELIVERY. 



In making a study of the duplication of routes, duplication over the entire 

 route was considered rather than at any given point, and the result is ex- 

 pressed in miles. Total duplication was divided into two classes. First, 

 duplication of others, and second, duplication of self. For example: When 

 in a day's work a wagon for the first time passed over a street which had been 

 traveled on by a wagon previously studied, this was called duplication of 

 others. If any wagon returned over any street which it had previously 

 traveled that day it was duphcation of self. The total miles traveled minus 

 the total duplication would give the number of miles of city street covered. 



The streets upon which the most duplication is made are those traveled by 

 wholesale wagons. Usually these are the paved streets and a driver will go 

 several blocks out of his way to travel these streets rather than haul a 

 heavy load for a distance on a street in poor condition. There is also more 

 duplication in wholesale deliveries than in retail deliveries. Besides the 

 other reasons that govern duplication of retail delivery there exists the 

 demand from the different classes of business that require deliveries at dif- 

 ferent times of the day. Places where meals are served and some bakeries 

 require a before daylight delivery. Another trip to the same territory is 

 required to serve the retail stores which open later. Where competition is 

 keen another delivery is sometimes made to the same places, usually right 

 after noon, to supply milk bottled that morning in order to get fresh milk on 

 the market as soon after bottling as possible. 



Retail wagons that carry wholesale milk usually dehver their retail loads 

 before seven o'clock in the morning, then double back to supply the whole- 

 sale trade in their territorj^, and collect for cases of milk left at the door before 

 stores were open. 



SIZE OF LOAD. 



One of the first questions which presented itself in regard to delivery of milk 

 was the size of a load and what constituted a day's work for man and horse. 



