ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 267 



every one lias noticed llie bright yellow masses which are very common 

 in early spring on the red cedar. 



The spores are discharged from the cedar apples about the middle 

 of April, and when they fall upon the proper host (cultivated apple or 

 crab apple) and the proper conditions of moisture and temperature are 

 l)resent, they germinate and give rise to the reddish spots already de- 

 scribed. 



Thus we have a fungus occurring in its first stage on the red cedar, 

 and i)roducing jelly-like masses known as cedar apples. The spores 

 that are discharged from the cedar apples will, under certain condi- 

 tions, give rise to a fungus on the apple-leaf, which differs in many re- 

 spects from the fungus on red cedar. The spores from the apple leaf 

 fungus in turn fall upon the red cedar, germinate, and give rise to the 

 cedar-balls. It has been shown by careful experiments that the above 

 facts are true. Artificial sowings of the spores from the cedar apples 

 have been made, which in due time gave rise to the second stage of 

 the fungus. 



The only practical remedy we can suggest is to collect and destroy 

 the cedar apples before the spores are dispersed. Or, if the cedar 

 apples are very abundant, destroy the worthless red cedars. There is 

 one thing, however, which must be borne in mind, and that is, we fre- 

 quently have this fungus occurring on the wild crab apple in localities 

 where there are no red cedars ; but the fungus in such localities is 

 never very destructive. The only explanation we can give as to the 

 probable cause of such a phenomenon, is that the fungus has the 

 power of i)ropagating itself by some means unknown to us. 



One of the most destructive parasites which attacks the api)le is 

 known to botanists as 



FUSICLADIUM DENDRITICUM. 



This fungus causes the desease commonly known as scab. Doubt- 

 less every fruit grower is f{imi4i;ir with the work of this pest. This 

 fung-us attacks the leaves and fruit, and frequently the tips of the 

 young shoots. The scabby spots which occur on the fruit are usually 

 more or less circular (B Fig. 3 3) and are at first quite small. But the 

 ei)ots gradually increase in size, and ultimately the fungus in the cen- 

 tral part of the spots dies and the living fungus is only found at the 

 outer edge of the spot. The plant body of this fungus consists of 

 minute branching threads, which are usually colorless. The threads 

 never penetrate deeply, but grow just beneath the epidermis of the 



