THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 89 



subjection of certain non-economic species. Many other insects also 

 prey upon coccids, as will be noted in the discussion of the various 

 species. 



In this work five subfamilies will be considered as follows : 



Monophlehince. 



Ortheziinm. 



Dactylopiince. 



CoccincB. 



DiaspincE. 



MONOPHLEBIN.E (Subfamily). 



The females belonging to this subfamily are characterized by secret- 

 ing, behind the soft and unprotected bodies, a large white cottony egg- 

 sac. The bodies of the young scales are almost entirely without pro- 

 tective covering, as are also those of the adult females. The males 

 are delicate, two-winged insects. In California we have but one 

 species, Icerya purckasi, including two varieties of crawii and mashelli, 

 of economic importance. 



THE COTTONY CUSHION OR FLUTED SCALE. 



Icerya purchasi Mask. 



(Figs. 69, 70.) 



General Appearance. — The adults are distinguished by large, white 

 fluted cottony masses with distinct red or yellow bodies, varying from 

 one fourth to one half inch in length and three fourths as wide. There 

 are two varieties as follows: Icerya purcliasi var. crawii Ckll., of which 

 the body proper is yellow or light brown, and Icerya purchasi var. 

 maskelli Ckll., the body of which is very dark brown or almost black. 

 The eggs and young are bright cardinal red. 



Life History. — The large cottony masses are the egg-sacs of the 

 females, and may contain from four hundred to a thousand eggs. 

 The males soon after hatching secrete themselves in a white cocoon for 

 transformation, M^hich requires nearly one month. The females are 

 matured in from three to four months. There are several broods 

 during the summer, when the scale increases enormously and may do 

 great damage. 



Distribution. — Throughout the citrus growing section of the entire 

 State, but due to its natural enemies is seldom seen in some localities 

 while in others it may become serious. 



Food Plants. — All citrus trees. Acacia haileyana, Acacia melanoxylon, 

 pomegranate, quince, apple; peach, apricot, fig, walnut, locust, willow, 

 pepper, grape, rose, castor bean, spearmint, rose geranium, purslane, 

 ambrosia. Polygonum, nettle, sweet-gum. Verbena, Veronica, Magnolia, 



