426 THE MONTIIT>Y BULLETIN". 



didn't know. They i^lowed it in two years until all of the alfalfa was 

 in and used it as a fertilizer. Whether that could be done in our 

 section I don't know. 



Mr. Chapman. Don't believe he could do it with a second hundred 

 and sixty acres. 



Chairman Powell. We are all vitally interested in this soil dis- 

 cussion. You may not all be interested in the citrus industry but I am 

 sure you are all interested in what means so much to California, as the 

 handling of the soils. I venture that the discussion of Mr. Chapman's 

 has been worth a great deal ; I suppo.«:e he has spent at least two 

 hundred dollars an acre, if not more, exclusive of picking the fruit, on 

 his orchards. I venture to say that a large proportion of the growers 

 of California know absolutely nothing, are without knowledge of why 

 they are doing certain things, but it seems to me all should realize 

 the importance of their soils. We are entirely in the dark over the 

 fundamental principles of soil cultivation and so we should be inter- 

 ested in any active citrus industry that has to do with land handling 

 or land management because we are expending an enormous amount of 

 money in the production of fruit and we know we have only just 

 begun to understand the fundamental principles of the handling of the 

 soils. Any more questions? 



Mr. Aaronsohn. I would like to ask the speaker here regarding 

 cover crops, if you use lupine in your orchards as cover crops. Do 

 you use them with any great success ? 



Mr. Chapman. Lupine is not used to any great extent in California. 

 Vetch is most often used as a cover crop. Clover and bur clover 

 wherever it can be brought in is also used. 



Mr. Aaronsohn. Is there a reason why you cannot use lupine ? 



Mr. Chapman. I am not posted on this ; can any one answer that 

 question ? 



Dr. Cook. It has been found that vetch did better. In southern 

 California about ten or twelve years ago lupine was used, but it would 

 not work satisfactorily, and vetch was found to be so much better. 



Chairman Pow^ell. Mr. Chapman has well said that the progress of 

 the agricultural industries of this country must be based upon scientific 

 knowledge. We have with us this morning the Dean of the College of 

 Agriculture of Berkeley. I have known Dr. Hunt for a number of 

 years in his work in the east. I do not know whether his work has 

 been outlined to you here, but Dr. Hunt came first from Illinois and 

 was then Dean of the College of Agriculture in Ohio and from Ohio 

 went to Cornell University as the head of the Department of Agronomy, 

 and then went to the state of Pennsylvania. Dr. Hunt is experienced 

 in the handling of agricultural matters and is broad in his views; is 

 experienced in matters in organizaticms of research work, educational 

 work and university work, and these have marked him as one of the 

 leaders in the development of horticultural and agricultural matters 

 in America, and I think California is to be congratulated that in the 



