448 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 



and in some instances, at very definite periods of the season. In times 

 of unsettled weather or during very hot periods the orchardist must 

 exercise his judgment with a view to applying his spray at an opportune 

 time, both in regard to making it effective and at the same time to avoid 

 all possible effects that might be induced by unfavorable weather. 



One word more : If the account of experimental Avork in a distant 

 state such as has been described has any significance to a gathering of 

 Californians interested in the solution of their agricultural and horti- 

 cultural problems, it is this : it is an illustration of the many and com- 

 plex natural factors entering into such work. Such complexity, such 

 varied combinations of Nature's forces means patient work over a long 

 series of seasons in order that the final deductions may be based on a 

 properly large average. It means patience on the part of the experi- 

 menter, and it means equally great patience on the part of the farmer 

 and fruit grower. The problems of agriculture bj' their very nature 

 cannot be solved by any short-cut methods to superficial conclusions. 

 Both experiment station workers and orcharclists thought they knew 

 more about spraying ten years ago than they do to-day. That both 

 classes realize this fact is the most hopeful sign that the spraying prob- 

 lem, like many others confronting us, will eventually be worked out to 

 a successful conclusion. 



Chairman Powell. It is due to carefully worked out problems of 

 this kind that we are making our progress in the various lines of horti- 

 cultural and agricultural activity. This has been an excellent paper, 

 and it is now open to discussion; are there any questions you would like 

 to ask before the next address? 



Mr. Hassler. I would like to ask what proportions he uses of the 

 lime-sulphur sprays. 



Mr. Bonns. The proportions were made, of course, as outlined, 

 according to the density of the lime-sulphur. In the first year 's experi- 

 ments we had different commercial lime-sulphurs and we tested all with 

 the hydrometer to ascertain their density and we used them at the rate 

 of one and one half gallons to fifty gallons of spray. In making up the 

 boiled lime-sulphur the second year we made all our own lime-sulphur. 

 and we averaged the same density as the commercial solutions and used 

 it at about the same strength — fifty gallons of water, but of course that 

 has to be determined. The compounds we happened to use that first 

 year were those put on the market by various companies in the east. 



FREIGHT RATES. 



By R. D. Stephens, Sacramento, Cal. 



I regret to see that my time is so limited in which to present this 

 subject, but I think this is one of great importance, one of the greatest 

 that will be discussed at this convention. It is a question involving how 

 to market your fruits that you have been talking about, how to grow at 



