THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 717 



a typieal-sliaped Bellflower. All apples of this shape were seedless. 

 This trouble might easily be confused with distortion of apples from the 

 attack of purple apple aphis. This pest always leaves the apples small 

 and misshapen, but well-formed seeds are present. Fig. 385 shows the 

 same two apples as in Fig. 384, which have been cut open. A well- 

 developed seed is shown in the core of the typical-shaped apple, while 

 the other one has none. Figs. 386 and 387 show distorted Bartlett pears 

 which were injured by a spring freeze and which have developed no 

 seeds. 



Another form of injury to fruit is the so-called frost russet illustrated 

 in Fig. 388. The russeting very frequently shapes itself in a band 

 about the fruit, but in some cases may occur in the calyx and stem 

 cavities. This injury is very commonly confused with that resulting 

 from thrips or blister mite on pears, and scab or Bordeaux injury on 

 both pears and apples and various other things. . The presence of the 

 characteristic bands as illustrated is a sure indication of frost injury. 



Leaf Injury. 



A peculiar crumpling or blistering of the leaves of deciduous fruit 

 always follows severe spring freezes. The epidermis of the leaf may 

 separate from the inside portion wherever these blisters occur. Such 

 leaves are apt to turn yellow and drop very early in the season. This 

 form of injury is not serious. 



Susceptibility of Varieties. 



Some varieties of apples, pears, peaches, cherries, as the case may be, 

 will stand much more freezing than others. Again, some varieties will 

 blossom much later than others, thus escaping a frost that would injure 

 earlier blossoming varieties. It is, therefore, wise for the orchardist 

 who lives in sections of killing spring frosts to select the hardiest, and in 

 some cases preference should be given to late blooming varieties. As 

 an illustration of this fact the Rome Beauty and Jeniton apples blossom 

 much later than the Ben Davis and Jonathan, consequently often escape 

 injury when the latter-named varieties are killed by a freeze coming 

 about blossoming time. 



Frost Protection. 



It is safe to say that the orchard which is well cared for in general 

 is less liable to injury from freezing than the one which is neglected. 

 The first point Avhich should be emphasized, then, in connection with 

 protecting the orchard from killing frosts is proper care. Cultivation, 

 pruning, fertilization, irrigation and spraying are all necessary at cer- 

 tain times for the best development of trees, including the fruit buds. 

 If the buds can go into the winter in perfect condition, there is every 

 reason to believe that they will stand more than they would if devitalized 

 because of unhealthy trees. 



Smudging. 



It has long been known that there is little danger from killing frosts 

 on a cloudy night. This fact has led to a belief that the same protection 

 afforded by the clouds can be produced artificially by means of smoke. 

 With this idea in view, various materials which in burning will produce 

 much smoke have been burned in orchards during frosty nights. This 



