No. 2, September, 1920] FORESTRY 183 



the government's being in a position to use the profits of the timber trade for the benefit of 

 the country as a whole instead of these profits going into the pockets of a few long-headed 

 private firms, are believed to justify the abandonment of the system of sales of standing trees 

 and the adoption of the system of departmental exploitation. During the year the depart- 

 ment removed by this system 171,000 cubic feet of timber, or 14 per cent of the total timber 

 outturn against 1 per cent the preceding year. Since the walnut supply is becoming exhausted 

 and natural reproduction scarce, it is necessary to plant. A nursery has been established at 

 Nagan and about \ acre sown with 21,000 walnuts. It appears the best method of restocking 

 is to sow direct on the areas and fill in the gaps with trees raised in the nursery. Tests of 

 bhan (Rhus cotinus) and garunda (Carrissa spinarum) leaves have shown a fairly satisfactory 

 tannin content. However, the production from this source would only be sufficient to supple- 

 ment the small local requirements of the province. Appended are numerous forms summar- 

 izing detailed tabulated data and a map of the Hazara Division. — E. R. Hodson. 



1383. Pakst, August. Die Kienolgewinnung im Wald von Bialowies. [The production 

 of pine-oils in the forest of Bialowies.] Naturw. Zeitschr. Forst- u. Landw. 17: 105-137. 6 

 pi., 2 fig. 1919. — The author briefly reviews the best known volatile oils obtained from coni- 

 fers, under four headings: (1) those obtained from the bark and wood above ground, (2) 

 through the distillation of needles and buds, etc., (3) through the distillation of cones and 

 fruit, and (4) from the underground woody portion through extraction or dry distillation. 

 The production of pine-oil, a variety of turpentine oil, is an important industry of that sec- 

 tion of Europe lying between the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea, including the countries of 

 Poland, Courland and Lithuania. The establishment founded by the writer in 1916 in the 

 Forest of Nowi Most, after it was occupied by the Germans, is then described inconsiderable 

 detail under the headings: (1) the raw material used in the process of distillation; (2) con- 

 struction of the establishment including the retort, the heating chamber, the arrangement 

 for carrying off the distillate, the cooling mechanism and the receiver of the pine-oil estab- 

 lishment; and the equipment of the tar and charcoal establishment; (3) the process of dis- 

 tillation; (4) the products resulting from the distillation, chiefly pine- oil, tar and charcoal; 

 (5) cost accounting and profitableness; and (6) conditions necessary to establish the pine- 

 oil industry in Germany. Numerous tables are included to illustrate topics (3), (4), and (5). 

 The author believes that the industry can be successfully introduced, especially in North 

 Germany, both on a small scale and on a large scale if a large supply of woody material can 

 be obtained close at hand, and concludes, that since the Russian producer has made a success 

 of it under very poor economic conditions, there is no ground for believing that success will 

 not crown the efforts of the native contractor surrounded b}^ an economic system organized 

 and developed to the fullest extent. German forest culture is presented with a new prospect 

 for increasing its forest revenue, and at the same time helping to break the economic bands 

 now holding the country. — ./. Roeser. 



1384. Paschal, G. W. A bigger tree. Sci. Amer. 122: 61. 1920. — A letter concerning a 

 poplar tree with a butt circumference of 39-40 feet. — Chas. H. Otis. 



1385. Passler, Johannes. Das Entrinden von Holzern unabhangig von der Jahreszeit 

 nach dem Giitschowschen Verfahren. [Bark-peeling independent of the season according to 

 the Giitschow process.] Schweiz. Zeitschr. Forstw. 71 : 116-118. 1920. — It is well known that 

 oaks and other trees do not peel easily except during the spring time when the sap is flowing 

 freely, also the quantity or quality of tannin varies very little during the year. This makes 

 it possible to peel only during a short season although it would be profitable to peel during the 

 entire year. Methods of loosening the bark have been in use for a long time among which 

 the Maitre method in use for the past fifty years is the most commonly used. By this method 

 the wood is steamed at 100°C. before peeling. — A new method devised by Gitchow consists 

 of steaming the wood for several hours at 30 to 40°C. This has the advantage of leaving the 

 wood cooler and easier to handle. It may also be applied in the field by use of a wagon that 

 Gi'tchow has constructed in which the steaming can be done and the bark dried. — His method 

 applies to the pines also and is the most feasible for field conditions where the cutting is done 

 during the winter season and the wood delivered to the industries later.—/. V. Hofmann. 



BOTANICAL ABSTRACTS, VOL. V, NO. 2 



