76 • FORESTRY [Bot. Absts., Vol. VI, 



class over the whole area until reproduction is established and two or three years old. This 

 preliminary stage is practically the same in all methods relying on natural reproduction. The 

 method described differs from the strip selection system (Blendersaumschlag) in that the 

 resulting new stand in each compartment is even-aged or at most divided into a few even-aged 

 groups. It differs from the shelterwood system in that the removal of the old stand is not 

 carried on uniformly over the whole area but is done unevenly in strips or wedge-shaped 

 patches. It is claimed that damage both from windfall and from logging is very small, while 

 logging costs are kept down to a minimum. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



544. Eckstein. Wieder die Buchen-Wollschildlaus, Cryptococcus fagi. [The beech 

 wooly-scale-louse.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 35: 194-195. 1923. — -Notes on the life history of the 

 beech louse. Its attacks are frequently followed by beetles such as Tomicus domesticus, and 

 Lymexylon dermestoides, and by the fungus Nectria ditissima, which kills the tree. The 

 louse alone does not kill the tree. Means of control are suggested. — W. N. Sparhmvk. 



545. Eckstein. Zuckererzeugung in den Larchenwaldungen des Wallis. [Sugar produc 

 tion in the larch forests of Canton Wallis.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 35: 195-196. 1920. — During 

 the abnormally hot summer of 1919 the foliage of the larch stands in Canton Wallis, Switzer- 

 land, was covered with a white substance containing a large percentage of sugar. This was 

 in the form of little balls 1-2 cm. in diameter and hundreds of pounds could be collected in 

 a short time. It is supposed to have been due to the crystallization of "honey dew" secreted 

 by the leaf louse Laclmus laricis. Somewhat similar is the "manna" produced by Coccus 

 manniparus on Tamarix mannifera on the Sinai Peninsula, also a manna on oaks in Mesopo- 

 tamia, one in Australia on eucalypts, one on Cedrus libani, and a similar product of unknown 

 origin, in the vicinity of Briancon, France. — W. N. Sparhaivk. 



546. Elliott, F. A. Airplane patrol of the forests. Amer. Forestry 26: 206-20S. 4 fig. 

 1920. 



547. Eulefeld. Auffallende Erscheinung im Laubholzwald. [Peculiar phenomenon in 

 deciduous forest.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 35: S-9. 1920. — In 1919 beech foliage in Germany 

 turned brown much earlier and was darker colored than usual. Yet the leaves did not fall, 

 even after considerable cold weather and snow. Possibly the abnormally dry summer did 

 not permit free development of the winter buds, with consequent lack of enough pressure to 

 push the leaves off. Due to the early drying of the foliage, many of the twigs are poorly 

 lignified and will probably be winter-killed in case of very cold weather. Although the beech 

 mast was very abundant in the fall of 1918, there was comparatively little germination, nor 

 did the horns of deer develop as well as usual. This is thought to be because the abnormal 

 1918 season prevented the beechnuts from filling out. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



548. Eulefeld. Kurze Mitteilung von der Harznutzung im Jahre 1920. [Turpentining in 

 1920. (Should be 1919.)] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 35: 60. 1920.— Gives yields and net income 

 from turpentining Scotch pine stands in Hesse, during 1919. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



549. Fabricius. Griindung einer Bayerischen Rinden-Verwertungs-Aktien-Gesellschaft. 

 [Bavarian Tan-bark Exploitation Company.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 41: 474-475. 1919. — Ger- 

 many consumed, in the year before the war, 80,009,000 kgm. of tannin, of which only 14,000,000 

 kgm. was produced from domestic materials (90,000,000 kgm. of oak and 45,000,000 kgm. of 

 spruce bark). From Austria was imported from 25,000,000 to 36,000,000 kgm. of spruce bark. 

 The spruce yields more tannin (11.5 per cent vs. 10 per cent for oak), but does not make as good 

 leather as the oak. Germany could produce perpetually at least 220,000,000 kgm. of spruce 

 bark per annum. Bavaria can produce 62,500,000 kgm., but thus far the bark has had to be 

 shipped to extract plants in North Germany. The new corporation plans to build a plant in 

 Bavaria. After the tannin has been extracted the bark will be made into briquettes for fuel 

 in the plant and for sale. Its heat value is about equal to that of wood, peat, or Saxon lig- 

 nite, about half that of good coal. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



