No. 2, November, 1920] FORESTRY s/j 



extensive, pure, even-aged stands, tin- ape classes ;ire mixed together in small groups, as 

 usually occurs in nature, so thai the foresl tnl-.es mi the appearance of a selection for 

 Because of the long periods required for trees to mature, soil exhaustion can nol be prevented 



by rotation of crops as easily as with other crops. The same result can be obtained, however, 

 by using mixed stands, composed of species with different soil requirements. The beech is 

 especially valuable for improving soil fertility, as well as for favoring better development of 



the associated conifers, and its proportion in the stand can he varied from time to time as 

 conditions require. Other species, such as oak, maple, ash, elm, birch, alder, and Scotch 

 pine, may also he used with beech, provided they are given several years start and are planted in 

 large enough groups so that they will not be shaded out. For purposes of management forests 

 should be divided into compartments of an average size of not more than 10 hectares. At the 

 5-year intervals, cutting is done, not in accordance wit h a predetermined working plan, but 

 according to the actual silvicultural needs of each individual compartment, and also accord- 

 ing to current market conditions. In some, no cutting at all may be done; others may be cut 

 very heavily. The usual method of determining the annual cut is very complicated, involves 

 much manipulation of figures, and can not be accurate. The average increment and the 

 allowable cut can be better and more simply determined from a series of small permanent 

 sample plots on the different sites, to be cut over regularly with the rest of the stand. Other 

 advantages of the method described are the more intensive and careful handling of the for- 

 est, and the great simplicity and flexibility of the working plans. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



615. Siiepard, E. C. Comments on the forestry program. Jour. Forestry 18: 467-471. 

 1920. — The national forest policy, as prepared, is censured because it was prepared by foresters 

 without the cooperation of the lumbermen, and because it calls the lumber industry to task 

 for the lack of policy on the part of the government in the early days when timber lands were 

 sold for nominal prices. France required hundreds of years to formulate and put into practice 

 a substantial forest policy, and too quick an action in the United States, to which this paper 

 refers, may prove a drawback to the whole plan. — E. N. Mun?is. 



616. Silcox, F. A. Forestry and labor. Jour. Forestry 18: 317. 1920— Labor is vitally 

 affected by the economic condition of the lumber industry and the character of exploitation 

 growing out of-it. If the industry does not adopt democratic industrial relation policies vol- 

 untarily, it probably will be forced to this. — E. N. Munns. 



617. Simon. Ein Beitrag zur Erhohung der Einnahmen aus den Forsten. [Suggestions 

 for increasing revenue from forests.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 35: 131-133. 1920. — The problem 

 of increasing net returns from forests is very important in Germany today. This may be 

 done by (1) reducing costs of production, (2) increasing volume production, or (3) increasing 

 returns from wood. Artificial regeneration should, wherever possible, give way to natural 

 reproduction, and where this is impossible the cheapest and most effective methods should 

 be used. Reproducing areas should be carefully protected, especially against grazing. Thin- 

 nings should be made in such ways as to promote the most rapid volume growth. Forest 

 officers, who will be responsible for all this work, should be thoroughly and carefully trained 

 for it, and should be so treated that they will do the best work. Wood should be sold for the 

 best prices possible, and, to this end, roads and other means of transportation should be kept 

 in good condition. Low wood prices will not benefit the consumers, because the dealers will 

 absorb all the margins. State sawmills are not favored until the point of view 7 of laborers 

 changes; i.e., until they become free from the idea that a government job is only a sort of pen- 

 sion. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



618. Sklavunos, Coxstantine G. Die Forstverhaltnisse im heutigen Griechenland. 

 [Forest conditions of modern Greece.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 41: 81-90, 173-1S4, 249-264. 

 1919. — All of Greece was well forested in prehistoric times, but the forest was reduced to about 

 its present extent during the Homeric and post-Homeric periods. Most of the accessible 

 forests near the coasts have gone, but there are still dense virgin stands in the mountains of 

 the interior. There are three main forest zones: — (a) Evergreen hardwoods (0-800 m. eleva- 



