86 FORESTRY [Bot. Absts., Vol. VI, 



tion) with a dry subtype (0-500 m.) including such species as Pistacia lentiscus, Olea Euro- 

 paea, Juniperus Thoenica, Tamarix Hampeana, Quercus aegilops, Pinus pinea; and a cooler 

 subtype, characterized by Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, Arbutus unedo, A. andrachne, Myrtus 

 communis, Laurus nobilis, Buxus sempervirens, Styrax officinalis, Celtis australis, Rhus coti- 

 nus, Ficus carica, Morus alba, M. nigra. Common to both subtypes are: Pinus silvestris 

 (in Macedonia), P. halepensis, Cupressus sempervirens, Robinia pseudacacia, Alnus glutinosa, 

 and others, (b) Deciduous hardwoods (800-1500 m.), characterized at lower elevations by 

 oaks, especially Quercus robur, Q. conferta, Q. pedunculi flora, Q. pubescens, Q. pedunculata, 

 Q. sessiliflora, Q. cerris; higher up chestnut (Castanea vesca) is common. Other common trees 

 of this zone are ashes, hornbeams, walnut, aspen, sycamore, elms, horsechestnut, maple, 

 lindens, dogwood, hazel, beech, (c) Conifers (1500-2000 m.) comprising Abies cephalonica, 

 Pinus laricio (corsicana) , P. leucodermis, P. pence, Taxus baccata, Juniperus foetidissima, 

 J. oxycedrus. — Conifer forests (especially fir) occupy 55 per cent of the forest area. The stands 

 are open, all-aged, and reproduction is seriously retarded by overgrazing. Growth is fairly 

 rapid because of the long growing season and high mean temperatures. The total forest 

 area, while not definitely known, owing to lack of surveys, is estimated at 1,800,000 hectares, 

 including scrub forest, or 15 per cent of the total area of the new Greece (including territory 

 added after Balkan wars). This is 0.38 ha. per capita. At least 6,600,000 hectares is absolute 

 forest soil. The forests are very unevenly distributed, increasing from the South and east 

 toward the north and west, and are most extensive in northern Greece and in Greek Mace- 

 donia. Forest destruction still continues, due to heavy overgrazing (especially by goats), 

 wasteful and unregulated cutting, turpentining, charcoal making and lime burning, and 

 insect depredations. — A large proportion of the forests belongs to the State, considerable to 

 communes and monasteries, and a smaller proportion to private individuals. The private 

 forests receive the best treatment, the communal and monastic forests the worst, and the State 

 forests halfway between. — The development of a forest policy began in 1836, soon after the 

 establishment of the monarchy. Cutting of saw timber from either State or private forests 

 may be done only on permit, which is issued after the payment of a felling tax. Grazing on 

 private forests is also subject to tax, but is free on public forests. The public forests are 

 guarded by 250 forest guards, with 12 technically trained foresters and 3 inspectors, under the 

 Forest Division of the Ministry for National Economy. This force is much too small, and is 

 not well trained. The first forest school was established at Vytina in 1896 to train the lower 

 personnel. A higher forest institute for training administrative officers is to be established 

 at Athens by 1920. Various measures have been taken to encourage afforestation by com- 

 munes and private individuals, and something has been accomplished. — The total annual 

 yield of the forests of old Greece (figures for recently acquired territory not available) is 

 estimated to be 1,720,566 cubic meters, probably in excess of the annual growth. In addition, 

 Greece imports 126,000 cubic meters of wood (principally softwood construction material), 

 making the per capita consumption 0.75 cubic meters. Imports came (1911) chiefly from Aus- 

 tria-Hungary, Roumania, Turkey, and Russia, and were exceeded in value only by grain and 

 by coal. Exports, chiefly valonia and nutgalls for tanning, and turpentine and rosin, went 

 mostly to Austria, Germany, Italy, and Turkey. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



619. Smythies, E. A. Geology and forest distribution. Indian Forester 46: 319-320. 

 1920.- — Geological features determine soil types, which determine water supply, soil depth, 

 and soil aeration, so that geology is important in plant distribution. — E. N. Munns. 



620. Speight, R. New Zealand timbers and the borer. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Tech. 1: 

 142-144. 1918. — List of eighty species of which some were attacked by borer (Anobium 

 domesticum) in Canterbury Museum. — A. Gundersen. 



621. Steven, H. M. Coniferous forest trees in Great Britain. Trans. Roy. Scot. Arbor. 

 Soc. 34: 61-82. 1920. — This article deals with the various conifers of importance in British 

 forestry. Their growth under different conditions of soil, elevation, exposure, etc., is con- 

 sidered; their environmental requirements and the principal silvicultural problems that arise 

 in the growing of each conifer are discussed. — C. R. Tillotson. 



