igij 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 17 



proaching its full development, there is 

 a much higher percentage of pit than 

 when light watering is adopted. (7) 

 When the fruit is produced on laterals 

 where every apple, as a rule, has room 

 to develop properly and there is no 

 strong flow of sap as in the upright 

 branches, the amount of pit is appre- 

 ciably lessened. (8) As shown in a pre- 

 vious report, wherever bitter pit occurs 

 the vascular network at the boundary 

 between the pulp cells and the skin is 

 ruptured. The pressure exerted will 

 also be sufficient to burst the adjoining 

 pulp cells, and thus there is a strong 

 presumptive evidence that the bursting 

 of the network by over-pressure of the 

 water, more particularly toward the 

 apex or eye end of the apple, is accom- 

 panied by the rupture of the pulp cells. 

 This is approximately called a con- 

 stitutional disease, since the root of the 

 trouble really lies in the artificial 

 nature of our modern apple. It has 

 been derived from the small, sour and 

 hardy wild crab, and the large size, 

 the succulence, and the sweetness have 

 been obtained at the expense of the 

 hardy nature of its ancestor. The fibre 

 is now soft and flabby to render the 

 flesh as juicy as possible, and this 

 weakening of the fibre has practically 



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thrown the whole burden of the skele- 

 ton upon the pulp cells. This burden 

 was formerly shared by the vascular 

 bundles, but now the distended pulp 

 cells, like so many little balloons (filled 

 with sap instead of gas), have to pre- 

 vent the structure from collapsing. 

 That it does collapse here and there, 

 producing the brown flecks in the 

 flesh, is not to be wondered at, and the 

 problem of bitter pit, like that of mod- 

 ern civilization, is to strengthen the 

 constitution against the forces which 

 tend to weaken it. 



I submitted a summary, giving the 

 results of my work on the cause of 

 bitter pit to Professor Lanong, of 

 America, the distinguished author of 

 "The Living Plant." He gave it his 

 careful attention and replied: "Your 

 conclusions certainly look to me very 

 reasonable and probable, and as far as 

 I can tell, seem wholly consistent with 

 our knowledge of osmotic and sap- 

 pressure phenomena. I would have to 

 give, however, a great deal more study 

 in the subject than is practicable to 

 make any suggestion, after the ex- 

 haustive work which you have done 

 upon the subject." 



The various factors which increase 

 or diminish bitter pit react upon the 



vascular system of the apple, which has 

 been fully described in previous re- 

 ports. The pit originates beneath the 

 skin, where the symmetrically formed 

 network of vessels surround the outer 

 layer of pulp cells and forming the 

 boundary between skin and pulp is 

 situated. Wherever bitter pit occurs 

 this network is ruptured, owing to the 

 pressure exerted by the too-rapid 

 growth. The pulp cells at first dis- 

 closed by the ruptured meshes of the 

 net, are likewise burst and death 

 ensues. It is this wonderful network 

 of vessels beneath the skin, forming 

 distributing channels to regulate the 

 pressure of the sap, that explains the 

 occurrence of pit in spots or patches. 

 Hence the rupture of the vascular net- 

 work here and there, and of the adjoin- 

 ing pulp cells in localized spots, due to 

 over-pressure of the sap, is the exciting 

 cause of hitler pit, and the oxidizing 

 enzyme in the presence of tannin 

 causes the group burst cells to become 

 brown. 



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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



