ipiS 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 17 



BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails 



Western Cement Coated Nails 

 for Western Growers 



Our Cement Coated Nails are always of 

 uniform length, gauge, head and count. 

 Especially adapted to the manufacture of 

 fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are 

 the Best on the Market. 



Write for Growers' testimonials. 



Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. 



DENVER, COLORADO 



Pacific Coast Sales Offices 



Portland, Spokane, San Francisco 



Los Angeles 



AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' 

 Cement Coated Nails 



Pruning Stone Fruit Trees 



THERE has been a great deal more 

 experimental work clone in prun- 

 ing the apple tree than in pruning 

 the stone fruit trees. There has been a 

 good deal of helpful information writ- 

 ten on the latter subject, and the work 

 has not been without very careful study 

 and observation, but very little careful 

 experimental work has been recorded 

 and published. Stone fruit trees are 

 very regular and bountiful in their blos- 

 som production, and if the climate and 

 soil permit the securing of a regular 

 crop is assured. The trees have several 

 undesirable characteristics. They have 

 short lives, inferior fruit borne on old 

 trees, and trees develop in such forms 

 that fruit is out of reach and diflicult 

 to gather. Correct pruning practices 

 have eliminated to a very great extent 

 these undesirable features. 



The fruit of the tree is borne on the 

 side of the last year's season growth of 

 wood. Very few fruits are borne on 

 spurs, and Hie vigorous shoots, as well 

 as the shoots of more moderate or even 

 slow growth, will bear their normal 

 crop of fruit. This distribution of the 

 fruit makes it possible to control to a 

 very large extent the amount of the 

 fruit crop by the character of pruning 

 that is given the tree in late winter and 

 early spring. To cut away one-half of 

 the fruit crop means that one-half of 

 the length of last year's growth of wood 

 should he removed. This may be done 

 by taking away one-half of each twig, 

 or by removing one-half of the twigs. 

 If the latter process is followed, it 

 means thai more hand thinning must 

 be done under ordinary circumstances 

 to insure a crop of fail' size fruit. On 

 the other band, if the crop is thinned 

 by heading back Hie twig's growth over 

 the entire lice lop the results of a few 

 years of such practice develops a bush 

 rather than a tree, with an outside 



growth of wood that is vers' dense. 

 The resull is the death of a greal por- 

 tion of short. Iwigs and stubs and an 

 unsatisfactory development of tree lops. 

 The ideal peach tree is one with an 

 open top or center so that the light maj 

 Biter through, and some sunlight will 

 reach the ground through the entire 



By Professor 0. M. Morris, Horticulturist Washington Agricultural College. Pullman, Washington 



branches, and a much less ability to de- 

 velop a vigorous but stocky side-wood 

 material. It is often necessary to cut 

 out branches from the center of the 

 tree and open out the top, but this is 

 seldom done with the idea of develop- 



tree top. The small twigs of the peach 

 are not able to endure heavy shading, 

 and when so enclosed in the top of the 

 tree soon dies. The fruit borne on 

 weak twigs are always small and in- 

 ferior. The tree responds well to prun- 



ing, and renews its vigor quickly when 

 severely pruned. The new crop of 

 shoots sent out from previously de- 

 veloped or adventitious buds soon 

 lose their waterpsrout characteristics 

 and become normal fruit-producing 

 branches. There is a much greater 

 tendency in the peach than in the apple 

 to grow only from central or leader 



ing fruit throughout the entire head of 

 the tree, as is done with apples and 

 pears. One branch may be taken out 

 of the tree top and let in more light. 

 The following year, or within a short 

 time, part of the remaining tree top is 

 cut away, so that new shoots start 

 nearer the base of the tree, and the 



Continued on page 18 



Arsenate of Lead Costs for Spraying Apple Orchards 



Comparison of costs in paste form at average price in 1917, and at anticipated prices for 1918. 

 Showing cost per acre and cost per box. according to production for three and four applications 



each season. By S. W. Foster, Entomologist for General Chemical Company, San Francisco. 

 Gallons of Spray No. Tnt. Gals. Ami. Lead Boxes Per Acre and 



per Acre of Appli- Spray Per 100 Per Price Cost Cost Per Box 



Each Application cations per Acre Gals. Acre per lb. per Acre 700 500 300 



1917—0. 300 3 900 4 36 .09 3.24 .0046 .0064 .0108 



b. 300 4 1200 I 48 .09 4.32 .0001 .0085 .0144 



r. 300 1 1200 5 60 .09 5.40 .0077 .0108 .0180 



d. 000 4 2400 4 96 .09 8.64 .0123 .0173 .0288 



e 600 4 2400 5 120 .09 10.80 .0154 .0216 .0360 



1918— a. 300 3 900 4 30 .15 5.40 .0077 .0108 .0180 



b. 300 4 1200 4 48 .15 7.20 .0103 .0144 .0240 



c 300 4 1200 5 60 .15 9.00 .0128 .0180 .0300 



d. 600 ........ 4 2400 I 96 .15 14.40 .0206 .0288 .0480 



c. 600 4 2400 5 120 .15 18.00 .0257 .0360 .0000 



iiii.tcs Per Acre ])cr i(|(| gallons, or 1211 pounds per acre 

 With a Crop of 100 500 300 , ■ ,, vear __i ess ( | r , m f 0U r per cent 



1 ', wormy means a loss of.... 753 ,"= .,, ,■ .111 a 



•j wormy means a loss of 14 10 6 ol the crop will pay lor the lead used, 



:;■ ; wormy means a loss of ... . 21 15 9 jf |] le orchard produces 500 boxes per 



1 wormy means a loss of.... 28 20 12 ... , u.,,.,1 , i M . ac 711(1 Imvnc 



5% wormy means a loss of.... 35 25 15 acre, [f the orchard produces 700 DOXes 



10 1 wormy means a loss of 70 50 30 per acre, less than three per cent ot the 



wormy means a loss nf. . . .105 75 45 jj, . f() ,. .,,, Uu , ],..„, ,, st . (1 . 



20 '. wormy means a loss of . . . .140 100 bo ' ' • . , . ,, 



For the man who thinks he may omit 



Take for example an orchard sprayed one or more of the late applications to 



four limes, using 300 gallons per acre save money, he should seriously and 



ai eaeli application, or l,2ii() gallons carefully compare the cost nf the appli- 



during the season, ami using ."> pounds cation with the cost in the loss ol 



of paste lead to each Kin gallons of apples, if by omitting the application 



water, or lid pounds per acre during the any of the apples may become wormy, 



season, and producing 500 boxes per When we remember that one per cent 



acre. Two per cent of the crop al $1.00 of the crop will paj for Hie arsenate of 



per box will more than pay for all the lead used for om- application, il is dan 



arsenate of lead used. If [he orchard gerous business to try to save expenses 



produced only 300 boxes per acre, about when the loss at the other end may be 



three per cenl of the crop will he re- many limes the amount supposedly 



mired lo pay for the lead used in 1918. saved. The difference between three 



Then consider (he large trees, re- and four applications is only about 



quiring 600 gallons of dilute spray per $1.80 per acre lor lead costs on the 



acre, or 2,1(111 gallons for four applira- small trees and ahoul $3.80 per acre on 



lions, and using ."> pounds of paste lead the largest trees. 



